摘要：随着国家对学前教育的日益重视,质量将成为学前教育永恒的主题。2010年7月,党中央、国务院颁布《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》,提出学前教育的普及要兼顾质量的提高。2010年11月21日,国务院发布了《关于当前发展学前教育的若干意见》,提出保障适龄儿童接受基本而有质量的学前教育。《意见》还提出要多种渠道加大学前教育投入,各地应根据实际研究制定公办幼儿园生均经费标准和生均财政拨款标准。那么,如何提高学前教育质量?高质量的学前教育需要多少成本?如何有效分配学前教育的财政投入?这些是围绕质量话题急需解决的问题。作者试图通过量化研究,初步探讨幼儿园教育质量、幼儿园教育成本的相关问题。运用《中国托幼机构教育质量评价量表(试用版)》对幼儿园教育质量进行测查,旨在了解样本幼儿园的教育质量的基本情况,根据评分标准推断样本幼儿园各评价维度的质量水平。另外通过《幼儿园情况调查表》问卷,获取关于幼儿园成本的数据,旨在了解样本幼儿园成本投入和支出的情况。最后对质量和成本的数据进行匹配分析,以期探寻质量和成本的关系。本研究通过对浙江省81所幼儿园160个班级进行实地调查,对教师进行访谈,发放问卷等方法获取数据,后期运用描述性统计分析、方差分析、独立样本t检验、相关分析等方法对数据进行统计分析。研究结果表明: (一)幼儿园教育质量总体不高
宏观层面,由于种种因素的制约,幼儿园班级教育质量并不高,幼儿园只能为幼儿提供满足最低要求水平的班级教育质量。微观层面,幼儿园班级教育质量内部发展不均衡:受物质条件影响较大的园舍设施、保育、对家长和教师的支持质量相对较高,而与教师素质、教学管理和教育理念关系更为密切的课程计划与实施、语言与推理、游戏活动等质量相对较低。
(二)幼儿园教育成本中最大的支出是人员经费,财政性投入比例偏低从支出角度来说,幼儿园教育成本中最大的支出是人员经费,生均人员经费占生均培养成本的73%。从投入角度来说,幼儿园财政性投入比例偏低,低于家长缴费总额。
(三)办园等级、所在地及办园性质对幼儿园班级教育质量有显著性影响，幼儿园等级越高班级教育质量相对较高;城市幼儿园班级教育质量显著高于农村幼儿园;公办幼儿园的班级教育质量显著高于民办幼儿园。
(四)办园等级、所在地及办园性质对幼儿园生均成本有显著性影响幼儿园等级越高生均成本相对较高;城市幼儿园生均成本显著高于农村幼儿园;公办幼儿园的生均成本显著高于民办幼儿园。
(五)省三级幼儿园、农村幼儿园及民办幼儿园“入不敷出”,生存处境艰难数据分析结果显示,省三级幼儿园、农村幼儿园和民办幼儿园均出现了生均培养成本大于生均社会成本的情况,出现成本“透支”现象。
(六)生均成本与幼儿园教育质量存在显著性相关，幼儿园生均成本越高,相应的班级教育质量也就越高。生均成本的构成要素中,人员经费与幼儿园教育质量的相关度更高,关系更密切。
最后,研究者根据本研究的结果对政府相关部门提出建议。
关键词：幼儿园教育质量;生均培养成本;生均社会成本
ABSTRACT：As preschool education is gradually paid more attention, the quality will become the eternal theme. the Guidelines of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Educational Reform and Development,drafted by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in 2010, propose that the popularization of preschool education should take the improvement ofquality. On November 21st, 2010. the State Council issued the several opinions on the current development of preschool education. presenting that the goverment must protect school-age children to receive basic and quality preschool education and take a variety of channels to increase preschool inputs. and set student funding standards and student financial allocation standards of public kindergarten according to the actual conditions. So how to improve pre一school education quality? how much cost does the high qulality pre-school education need? How to effectively allocate financial investment in pre-school? These urgent topics need to be sovled.
The author tries to explore the relationship between the quality and the cost of kindergarten education by antitative research. Using 'Assessment Scale (beta)measurements of Chinese Education Quality' sm-vey the qmlity of kindergarten education to understanding the basic sitmtion of the quality of sample kindergartens, and inter the their levels on the evaluation dimensions according to the scoring criteria.In addition, obtaining data on the cost of inputs and spending of the sample kindergarten is through the use of `the questionnaire of kindergarten information'.Finally, matching and analyzing the quality and cost data explore the relationship between them. This study gets the data by the field survey of 160 classes in 81 kindergartens of Ziang province, teacher interviews,questionnaires and other methods, and then analysis the refered data through many methods,such as analysis of variance, independent sample t-test, correlation analysis, andso on .The results sprove tbat:
First, educational quality of kindergartens as a whole is not high.At the macro-level, due to various factors, kindergarten only provide the level of quality of education meeting the minimum requirements for children. At the micro-level, the kindergarten educational quality is unbalanced: Garden shed facilities, children care,and the support of parents and teachers largely affected by material conditions have the relatively high quality Curriculum planning and implementation, language and reasoning,activities and games that have a closer relationship with the quality of teachers, teaching management and education have relatively low quality
Second,The largest expenditure irt the cost ofkindergarten education is personnel funds,and proportion of fiscal investment is low. From the perspective of expenditure, the largest expenditure in the cost ofkindergarten education is personnel expenditures. Per student expenses accounted for 73% of the student training costs. From investment aspect, kindergarten fiscal is lower than the proportion of out total parental contnbution
Third, the level, location and nature of the kindergarten significantly impact the educational quality of kindergarten The higher level of kindergarten will have relatively high educational quality; the kindergarten educational quality in city is significantly higher than in the ruralthe public kindergartens higher than the private ones.
Four,the level, location and nature of the kindergarten significantly impact the cost of student. the high level of Kindergartens have the relatively high cost of student; the cost of kindergarten in city is significantly higher than in the rural, public kindergarten significantly higher than the private.
Five, the cost of Provincial level3th kindergartens, rural and private kindergartens are getting stressed out. The result of data analysis showed the training cost of per student is greater than the social cost in Provincial level 3th kindergartens, rural and private kindergartens which is called the phenomenon of cost "overdraft".
Six, there is a significant correlation between the average cost per student and the educational quality of kindergarten The higher the cost ofKindergarten student is, the higher the educational quality is. In the students' average cost elements, the relationships between personnel expenditures and the educational quality of kindergarten is more closely related.
Finally, based on the results of the study, it tries to put forward recorrunendations for policy-makers.
KEY WORDS：The Educational Quality of Kindergarten; The Average Training; Cost per Shident; The Average Social Cost per SW dent
(陈庆香， 2010级学前教育浙江师范大学研究生硕士论文)