——以阿尔贝特·施韦泽的伦理学说为中心

摘  要：随着全球经济化与信息化的发展，诸多伦理丑闻争相暴露。无论是企业、商业还是事业单位，信任危机、欺诈丑闻、推诿责任等伦理问题层出不穷。这些问题同样出现在校园中，蔑视、践踏生命，摧残生命价值的现象时有发生。这不得不让学校领导者在面对一个个美丽、鲜活的生命面前有所反思。当务之急需要解决的是，究竟何种领导方式、理念与行为能够保存生命价值并进一步促进生命价值的高
度发展。这理应成为学校领导者，即校长所要思考并付诸实践的首要任务。     

“善是保存生命，促进生命，使可发展的生命实现其最高价值。恶则是毁灭生命，伤害生命，压制生命的发展。这是必然的、普遍的、绝对的伦理原理。”这是阿尔贝特·施韦泽“敬畏生命”伦理学说的核心，也是校长实现其敬畏生命伦理领导理念与领导行为的依据。学校被视作实现生命价值的载体，学校领导者，作为实现学校个体生命价值与自身领导力提升的纽带，其伦理领导理念、行为将自始至终影响着处于半开放教育生态系统下的个体生命价值，甚至从某种角度看来，其领导理念与领导行为会决定其生命价值，这便从一定程度上规定了伦理型学校领导所应有的领导理念与领导行为。由于学校的有机、无机环境与处在其中的主体生物：人，构成了生命共同体，“敬畏生命”的伦理理念理应注入到学校领导的领导理念中，并进一步指导其领导行为，实现真正的“敬畏生命”的领导体制。这不仅是对校长传统领导理念的挑战，也是提升其领导力的一个重要途径。正所谓，“校长是学校的灵魂，有什么样的校长，就有什么样的学校;有什么样的校长，就有什么样的教师与学生。”一位好校长，带领一批好教师，就可以办出一所好学校;一所好学校，也势必将校长的领导力发挥地淋漓尽致。

    本论文试图将学校置于半开放的教育生态系统中，并进一步构造生命共同体。校长处于生命共同体中并在充分利用教育生态系统中信息、物质交换等基础之上建立并完善其“敬畏生命”的伦理领导理念，通过完善的领导理念指导其领导行为，促进生命共同体中生命个体价值的高度发展，并提升校长自身领导力，为维持教育生态系统健康、积极发展做出应有的响应，更能塑造校长对生命价值的敬畏与敬仰，进而提升自身内在伦理修养。

    笔者认为，将阿尔贝特·施韦泽的敬畏生命学说注入校长的领导理念，不舍为对学校领导伦理理念、行为的呼唤，同时，也对教育领导学科的进一步发展起着重要作用。研究“敬畏生命”学说视野下的学校领导有着三方面的意义：第一，能够保证学校生命共同体的生命个体价值得到最纯粹的高度发展，保障其发展的权利与自由；第二，能够促使校长提升自我领导力，并对我国学校传统的领导理念形成一定的冲击，要突破传统的领导理念势必要打破重重壁垒，扫清一切障碍；第三，教育领导学科的发展离不开其他与之相关、交叉的学科，要丰富教育领导学科，有必要融入其他发展成熟并且有完善体系的学科。将伦理学、社会学、领导学、教育学融入其中，对教育领导学科的迅速发展也有一定的借鉴意义。

关键词：学校领导；敬畏生命；教育生态系统；阿尔贝特·施韦泽

Abstract：With the development of global economy and information technology, many ethical scandals have been exposed. No matter the enterprise, commercial or public institutions, the crisis of confidence, fraud, prevarication and ethical issues exists everywhere. These problems also occur on campus, the phenomena of contemning and trampling life, destructing of the value of life has risen. It leads the school leaders in reflecting on the realty that there are so many pretty and alive lives which they face everyday, and the urgent task which is need to be resolved is what kind of the way of idea and behavior of leadership can save and further promote the value of life in a high degree. This should be the primary task for school leaders to think about and put the theory into the practice.

    “Good is preservation and promotion of life, to let the value of life get the highest value. Evil is destruction and damage of life, to suppress the development of life. All of these are inevitable, universal, absolute ethical principle. ” This is core concept of theory of "Reverence for Life", which is put forward by Albert Schweitzer, it is also the gist of the ethical idea and ethical behavior which should be put into practice by school leaders. School is viewed as the carrier which can realize the highest development of value of life. The school leaders are viewed as the link between the value of individual life in schools and their own the leadership, their idea and behavior of ethics will influence the value of individual life which is under the semi-open education ecosystem continually. Even to some degree, their idea and behavior of ethics will decide value of individual life, it specifies the idea and behavior of ethics which the ethical school leaders should have. As organic and inorganic environment of school, as well as the main body of education ecosystem: the people constitute a community of life, and the ethical idea of “Reverence for Life” is supposed to injected into the leadership idea of school leaders in order to further guide their leadership behavior, so as to get leadership system which has real “Reverence for Life”. It is not only a challenge of traditional leadership for school leaders, but also an important way to enhance their own leadership. As the old saying goes, “The principal is the soul of the school. That means different kinds of principals can create the corresponding different kinds of schools, as well as different kinds of teachers and students.” A good school leader leads a group of good teachers, can create a good school, and the good school is also bound to the leadership of school leaders.

In this thesis, the author tries to put the schools into the semi-open ecological education system, and further construct a community of life. The school leaders build and  meliorate the ethical  idea which  is on the base of information and substance exchange in the education ecosystem in the view of “Reverence for Life”, guiding their ethical leadership behavior through the completed ethical idea, in order to promote better development of the value of individual alive life and enhance their own ability to be school leaders. Moreover, in order to maintain health and stabilization of the education ecosystem and promote its development, the school leaders must do some energetic and corresponding activities.

    The author believes that pouring the theory of “Reverence for Life” into the idea of school educational leadership, as good as the call for the ethical concept and behavior of school leaders, at the same time, it plays an important role for the further development of educational  leadership disciplines. Starting research of ethical school leadership which is in the view of “reverence for life” has three meanings: first, on the one hand, to ensure that the value of individual life in the school community to get the pure and high development, to protect the rights and freedoms of individual life for developing. Second, it is able to promote the principals to enhance their own ability to be leaders; in the meantime, it will have a vital impact on the traditional concept of the school leadership. If we want to break with tradition what we must do is to dismantle the fence, namely to break down the rampart, which was built out of traditional concept of school leadership, and sweep all obstacles. Third, the development of Education can not be separated from other associated and crossed disciplines. In order to enrich the educational leadership discipline, it is necessary to integrate into other disciplines which have mature and perfect systems. Integrating Ethics, sociology, leadership, pedagogy into education, it will  also  have  a  certain referential significance on the rapid development of Educational leadership.

Key words：school leadership; Reverence for Life; education ecosystem; Albert Schweitzer

（陈丹  上海师范大学硕士研究生学位论文）