——以“范德比尔特教育领导力评估”为例

摘  要：提高学生学业成绩和缩小学生间的成绩差距是美国21世纪以来基础教育改革的主要目标。这一目标的实现离不开校长的作用，校长能否有效地管理学校，能否领导学校在这一改革方向上不断前行，已经成为决定美国基础教育改革成败的关键因素。校长教育领导力评估是评价一个校长能胜任校长工作的关键，它贯穿着整个校长培训工作的始末，它的评估结果能直接决定校长未来工作去留。随着教育的发展以及对校长要求的不断提高，如何对校长进行有效的领导力评估，成为了当前美国校长领导力评估一大问题。

    美国的校长领导力评估起源于美国教育管理思想史的演变并联系于当时教育的发展和校长队伍建设中出现的若干问题而发展起来的。在美国中小学校长领导力评估发展过程中，得到了美国联邦和州政策的大力支持，这也确保了美国在全国范围内实施美国中小学校长领导力评估的可行性。美国范德比尔特大学开发的校长领导力评估注重了在培训和实践中的不断开拓创新，在美国这样一个三权分立的国家里，范德比尔特大学建立一套适合并应用于很多州的佼长评估模式——“VAL-ED”，实属难能可贵。该评估模式帮助解决了现任校长评估量化等级的问题，也鼓励了新进校长进行培训后接受新的校长校务工作，以此来塑造未来学校管理圈中优秀领导者。“VAL-ED”在评估实践中取得了良好的效果，其成熟之处将对我国校长领导力评估事业的改革和发展产生重要的借鉴作用。

关键词：美国；中小学；校长；领导力；评估；“VAL-ED”

Abstract：It is the major objective of the USA’ s reform in K-12 education since the 21 st century to raising student achievement and closing the achievement gaps which can not be achieved without the principal’s effects. The success of the USA’s K-I2 education reform depends on whether principals can effectively manage the school and lead the school move on in the direction of reform. Principal leadership assessment which runs through the whole process of principal training is critical in the evaluation of principal’s ability to perform his work, and its result can directly determine the principal’s future work. As the development of education and the increasing demand of the principal, how to effectively assess the principal leadership has become a big question in today’s USA.

Principal leadership assessment originated from the evolution of thought of educational management in USA and relates to several questions emerged from the development of education and the preparation of principal. In its development, principal leadership assessment has received meat support from the federal and state governments, ensuring the feasibility of its implementation throughout the nation. Principal leadership assessment developed by the VanderbiltUniversity in’ the United Statesfocuses on continuous innovation in training and practice. It is indeed valuable for Vanderbilt University  to  establish  in  the-separation-of-powers  USA the  VAL-ED  principal assessment model suitable for and used by many states which helps settle the issue of Quantization Level in in-service principal assessment and encourage the new principal to perform work after training. By this way, future excellent school leaders will be shaped. VAL-ED has gained good effect in practice, and will reform and development of China’s principal leadership give an important lesson to the assessment.

Keywords: USA;  K-12 education;  principal;  leadership; assessment; VAL-ED

（钟建国  福建师范大学硕士研究生学位论文）