摘要：黑人是美国种族大家庭中的一个特殊群体，他们的存在极大地影响了美国历史的进程。因此想要全面了解美国，就不能忽略黑人，同样要想深刻的认识美国教育，就必须对黑人教育进行深入研究。本论文以20世纪的黑人教育为研究对象，以黑人追求教育平等为切入点，以取消学校种族隔离，实现学校种族一体化为主线，在广阔的社会政治经济背景之中探讨了黑人教育发展的动因和阻力，指出取消学校种族隔离只为黑人获得平等教育提供了一个必要的条件，只有彻底消除种族歧视，黑人世代所追求的教育平等的目标才能够真正实现。

本论文截取了20世纪，以黑人追求教育平等为切入点，以黑人学校教育为主线，辅之以其它教育形式，从历史发展的角度，探讨黑人教育发展的动因与阻力，分析黑人教育取得的成绩及存在的问题。

论文可以分为四章：第一章为20世纪前黑人教育回顾。此章以南北战争为界，探讨了不同时期教会、慈善机构、联邦政府以及黑人自身在黑人教育发展中的作用。

第二章为20世纪上半叶黑人教育的发展，对黑人教育取得的成绩和存在的黑白教育差距进行了分析，并介绍了美国大萧条及二战时期和黑人有关的联邦政府教育计划，总结出在种族隔离的教育制度下黑人教育发展的局限。

第三章为20世纪中期的黑人教育，这一时期的布朗控教育委员会案，黑人民权运动以及由此引发的联邦政府的一系列政策法律对黑人教育产生了深远影响，标志着黑人教育从此进入了取消种族隔离的时代。本章介绍了布朗控教育委员会案并回顾了布朗案裁决后各州在初中等及高等教育领域中的取消种族隔离行动，对黑人民权运动以及由此导致的联邦政府1964年民权法以及“向贫穷宣战”等社会改革措施给与黑人教育的影响进行了剖析。同时还介绍了民间慈善机构为扩大黑人受教育机会所实施的“平等机会项目”。

第四章为20世纪中期以来的黑人教育。主要探讨了初中等及高等教育领域中取消种族隔离实现学校种族一体化的问题。本章分析了取消种族隔离内涵变化的原因以及联邦法院司法介入对取消种族隔离的影响，总结了取消种族隔离的结果，特别分析了取消种族隔离大潮中的传统黑人高校在黑人教育中的独特作用以及目前所面临的危机。

结语部分全面总结了20世纪黑人教育取得的成绩和黑人与白人教育间的差距，分析了导致差距了原因，指出废除制度化的种族隔离只为黑人获得平等教育提供了一个必要条件，黑人要想获得真正平等的教育，必须消除人们意识中的种族隔离。

关键词：美国；黑人教育；20世纪

From apartheid to school integration: 20th Century African-American Education

Abstract: Black American race family in a special group, and their presence greatly influenced the course of American history. So you want a comprehensive understanding of the United States, you can not ignore the black, the same order profound understanding of American education, we must conduct in-depth research on black education. In this thesis, black education in the 20th century as the research object to black pursuit of educational equality as a starting point, to cancel school segregation and achieve racial integration of schools as the main line, among the broader social context, explore the political and economic development of black education motivation and resistance, noting only get canceled school segregation for black equality in education provides a necessary condition, only the total elimination of racial discrimination, equality objectives pursued by generations of black education can really be achieved.
In this paper, the interception of the 20th century, to the pursuit of educational equality as a starting point black to black school education as the main line, complemented by other forms of education, from the perspective of historical development, explore the dynamic development of education because blacks and resistance analysis made of black education achievements and problems.
Papers can be divided into four chapters: The first chapter is a review of education before the 20th century blacks. This chapter of the Civil War as a community, to explore the different periods church, charities, the federal government and its role in the black Negro Education Development.
The second chapter is the development of education in the second half of the 20th century, black, black and white educational achievement gaps in education for blacks obtained are analyzed and presented in the United States the Great Depression and World War II, the federal government and education programs related to blacks, summed Limitations black educational development in the education system under apartheid.

The third chapter of the mid-20th century black education, a series of policies and laws Board of Education Brown control of this period, the black civil rights movement and the consequent federal education of blacks had a profound impact on the education of black marks from entering cancel the era of apartheid. This chapter describes the control of the Board of Education case and Brown recalled after Brown v. Board ruling states in the field of higher education and the abolition of apartheid in junior high school and other actions against the black civil rights movement and the resulting federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the "war on poverty "and other social reforms to affect the education of blacks were analyzed. It also presents a non-governmental charitable organizations to expand educational opportunities for blacks implemented "equal opportunity program."

The fourth chapter for black education since the mid-20th century, focuses on the field of higher education and junior high schools, etc. To achieve racial desegregation integration issues. This chapter analyzes the reasons for changing the connotation of desegregation and the federal courts of judicial intervention on desegregation, summed up the results of desegregation, special analysis of the desegregation of historically black colleges and universities tide unique role in the education of blacks and currently facing a crisis.

Epilogue comprehensive summary of the 20th century, the gap between blacks and educational achievement between blacks and whites education, analyzes the causes that led to the gap, noting the abolition of institutionalized apartheid equal education for black only provides a necessary condition in order to blacks get real equality in education, awareness of the need to eliminate apartheid.

Keywords: United States; Negro Education; 20th century

（屈书杰  教育学外国教育史专业河北大学博士学位论文）