摘要：在美国义务教育改革历程中，美国民众的教育公平诉求从建国开始就从未中断。起初，为适应社会劳动力的需求和回应国内的民权运动，美国将教育公平实现的重点放在平等的入学机会和公平的资源分配方面。随后随着《初等和中等教育法案》的颁布，一系列教育改革文件都在围绕教育公平战略被承接实施。而《不让一个孩子掉队法》与奥巴马政府的教育改革蓝图的出台，标志了美国义务教育进入以标准化问责为主要内容的优质教育公平的深化发展阶段。

本研究基于我国义务教育均衡发展的现实需求，以公平作为整个研究的视角，以美国联邦政府推动的义务教育改革作为研究对象，通过以价值分析为主导，历史分析和制度分析为基础而组成的综合性分析，以期从美国义务教育的历史演变、理论基础、价值诉求、制度保障等方面进行深入挖掘，总结出美国联邦政府为何、如何实现以公平为核心的义务教育改革，从而形成对我国义务教育均衡发展的有益启示。

同时，本文主要采取文献研究法、政策分析法以及历史分析法这三种方法，分为三个部分来进行研究的。

第一部分对美国义务教育改革的历史演变进行梳理辨析，随后分析美国义务教育改革的理论基础，并借助新保守主义、新自由主义等社会思潮，审视美国义务教育改革的价值取向。

第二部分按教育公平的三个部分，即起点的教育机会、过程的资源配置及结果的就业升学，以及政府、学生、学校三个主体之间存在的相互关系，深入剖析了美国义务教育改革中的三个主要教育制度:择校制度、教育财政分配制度、教育问责制度。

第三部分对美国义务教育改革的制度与理念进行总结，并回归到本研究的初衷，即为我国义务教育均衡发展做出启示。

关键词：美国；义务教育；教育公平；义务教育均衡发展

Abstract: Black American race family in a special group, and their presence greatly influenced the course of American history. So you want a comprehensive understanding of the United States, you can not ignore the black, the same order profound understanding of American education, we must conduct in-depth research on black education. In this thesis, black education in the 20th century as the research object to black pursuit of educational equality as a starting point, to cancel school segregation and achieve racial integration of schools as the main line, among the broader social context, explore the political and economic development of black education motivation and resistance, noting only get canceled school segregation for black equality in education provides a necessary condition, only the total elimination of racial discrimination, equality objectives pursued by generations of black education can really be achieved.

Based on the real needs of the balanced development of compulsory education, fair as the perspective of the entire study to the U.S. federal government to promote compulsory education reform as an object of study, analysis by value-oriented analysis, historical analysis, and systems and the composition-based comprehensive analysis to deeply dig from the historical evolution of the United States of compulsory education, the theoretical basis, the value of the demands, system security, etc., the U.S. federal government summed up why, and how to achieve equity at the core of compulsory education reforms to the formation of our obligations useful insights balanced development of education.

Meanwhile, this paper mainly adopts literature research, policy analysis and historical analysis of these three methods, divided into three parts to the study.

The first part of the historical evolution of compulsory education reform in the United States to sort out discrimination, and then analyze the theoretical basis for U.S. compulsory education reform, and with the neo-conservatives，neo-liberal social ideas, examine the value orientation of American compulsory education reform.

The second part of the three sections of the Education Fair, that the results of resource allocation and educational opportunities for starting the process of employment studies, as well as the relationship between the government, the students, the three main schools, in-depth analysis of the U.S. compulsory education reform the three main education system: school choice system, the financial allocation education system, education system of accountability.

The third part of the system and the concept of compulsory education reform in the United States were summarized and return to the original intention of the study, namely the balanced development of compulsory education to make a revelation.

Keywords: United States; compulsory; education fair; balanced development of compulsory

（王瑜  比较教育学比较教育理论与方法专业西南大学博士学位论文）