摘要：本文以传统黑人院校为研究对象，以新的历史时期传统黑人院校面临的现状和问题为切入点，以当代美国传统黑人院校追求社会公正和教育平等新的发展轨迹为主线，以增加黑人院校的多样性和提高教育质量为核心，运用文献分析法，比较法、历史法和因素分析法对传统黑人院校的历史、现状、存在的问题及产生的原因、解决问题的对策和发展趋势进行探究。试图利用少数民族学生成就归因理论和民族文化教育理论及一些相关概念，来分析当代传统黑人院校存在价值、问题及其原因和对策，并结合美国解决黑人院校当代问题的经验与缺失，为我国少数民族院校的改革与发展提出重要的理论和实践参考意见和建议。

论文正文主要分为五个部分。

第一部分，从少数民族学生成就归因理论和少数民族文化教育理论层面，为下文当代传统黑人院校面临的问题及成因和解决策略提供一定的理论支撑；然后回顾传统黑人院校产生发展的历史，揭示了传统黑人院校与黑人争夺在美国社会的生存权、发展权和平等权有着紧密的联系，同时也体现出它为推动美国黑人成功融入主流社会和促进黑人高等教育发展作出的历史贡献。

第二部分，描述了1976年至今传统黑人院校的现状和特点。它的黑人学生所占比例逐渐减少，黑人女生入学数与获取学位数一直呈上升趋势并超过了黑人男性；选择黑人院校学生大多为缺乏学术准备、家庭收入较低的底层黑人；学生和教职员工和课程构成日益多样和复杂；教师工资比白人院校少的状况未得到根本改观；毕业生的就业和后续发展与白人院校相似；学校和学生资金来源主要是政府的财政拨款和贷款。

第三部分，突出传统黑人院校在现代美国社会面临的巨大生存危机，指出威胁其生存发展的财政、黑人学生数、学生贷款、学术水平、专业与课程、信息技术和管理等方面存在的具体问题；进一步揭示制约当代传统黑人院校生存发展的外部和内部因素，包括美国人口构成、经济、政治、科技的变化情况，黑人自身的弱点及黑人院校面临的财政危机、教育资源不足、专业课程和信息技术滞后、学生及其家庭的不利情况等多种因素。

第四部分，首先论述美国各界提出的传统黑人院校存在的理由，及其对黑人院校未来还要继续为黑人争取教育平等而斗争，并需进一步拓展自身历史使命来适应纷繁复杂现实的展望；然后总结出政府、基金会和高校专业组织、企业、社区学院和黑人院校自身在法令、政策、资金、技术、人员、专业和课程等方面采取的扶持或联合的对策。

第五部分，从文化、经济和政治的角度对传统黑人院校问题、成因和对策做出总结分析、评价和建议；最后借鉴传统黑人院校发展过程中的经验和教训，提出解决民族院校在当今市场经济环境下如何通过改革与发展拓展自己的使命，提升适应现代化发展的能力等方面的建议。

关键词：美国；传统黑人院校；问题；对策

Abstract: In this paper, the traditional black colleges for the study, to question the status quo and the new historical period historically black colleges faced as an entry point to the United States historically black colleges contemporary social justice and equality in education to pursue a new development trajectory of the main line, to increase the diversity of black institutions and improving the quality of education as the core, the use of literature analysis, history of Historically Black Colleges and comparative law, history, law, and factor analysis, status, problems and causes, to solve the problem Measures and trends explored. Trying to use the minority student achievement attribution theory and culture of educational theory and some related concepts to analyze the existence of values, problems and their causes and countermeasures of contemporary historically black colleges, combined with the United States to solve contemporary problems and lack of experience of Black Colleges and Universities, made important theoretical and practical reference to the views and suggestions for the reform and development of minority institutions.

The main body of the paper is divided into five parts：

The first part, from the minority student achievement attribution theory and the theory of minority cultural and educational level, problems and causes of contemporary historically black colleges faced and solutions strategies below provide some theoretical support; then look back historically black colleges produce historical development reveals the historically black colleges and black compete in survival, development and equality in American society are closely linked, but it also reflects the historical contributions of African Americans to promote successful integration into the mainstream society and promoting development of higher education to make blacks .

The second part describes the historically black colleges since 1976, the status and characteristics. It gradually reduced the proportion of black students, black female enrollment number and get the number of degrees has been on the rise and more than black men; mostly black colleges to select students for the lack of academic preparation, lower household income underlying black; students and faculty and courses constitute an increasingly diverse and complex; teachers' salaries less than whites institutions have not been fundamentally changed the situation; similar graduate employment and the subsequent development and whites institutions; schools and students are mainly financed government funding and loan finance .
The third part, prominent historically black colleges in the great crisis of survival faced by modern American society, pointing out its threat to the survival and development finance, there are a few black students, student loans, academic, professional and curriculum, information technology and management aspects of the specific issues; further reveal the constraints of contemporary Historically Black Colleges and develop survival external and internal factors, including changes in the demographic composition of the United States, economic, political, technological, blacks own weaknesses and the financial crisis facing black colleges, lack of educational resources, professional courses and information technology lag, a variety of factors unfavorable conditions, such as students and their families.
The fourth part discusses the reasons for the first historically black colleges exist in the United States by all parties, and the future of black colleges will continue to fight for black equality in education and struggle, and the need to further expand its historic mission to adapt to the complex reality of the outlook ; then summed joint measures to support or governments, foundations and professional organizations and universities, businesses, community colleges and black colleges taken in the Act itself, policy, finance, technology, personnel, and professional courses.
The fifth part, from a cultural, economic and political perspective of the problem historically black colleges, causes and countermeasures to make a summary analysis, evaluation and recommendations; finally learn the traditional black colleges in the process of development experience and lessons, propose solutions to national institutions In today's market environment and how to expand their mission through reform and development, and enhance the ability to adapt to the development of other aspects of modern recommendations.
Keywords: United States; historically black colleges; problems; countermeasures

(李传瑛  教育学高等教育学浙江师范大学硕士学位论文)