摘要：当今，教育机会均等问题己成为世界各国教育改革的主题。在美国，教育机会的观念几乎一开始就有注重均等的特殊意义。实现教育公平和教育机会均等，是美国政府和人民从建国以来甚至在殖民地时期一直到现在不懈追求的目标和梦想。本文考察了美国基础教育领域教育机会均等理念与实践的发展历程，以教育机会均等概念的演变及其对教育政策的影响为线索，将美国基础教育发展分为五个时期:殖民地与建国初期教育机会均等的萌芽期、教育机会均等的成长期、教育机会均等的发展期、教育机会均等的黄金期、教育机会均等的式微期。

本文的绪论部分主要介绍论文选题的背景和研究的价值、意义；对本研究中涉及的教育机会均等、公平、平等、公正正义等概念进行界定分析:阐述了目前国内外关于教育机会均等问题、美国基础教育领域教育机会均等问题的研究现状；说明了本论文采用的研究方法。

第一章主要说明了殖民地与建国初期教育平等理念的雏形。通过介绍殖民地时期的教育概况,分析出17世纪北部地区率先提出的普及教育的理想的实现是遥遥无期的。而建国初期初等教育发展虽然相对落后,但教育平等的理念得到孕育,创建免费的公立学校的理念发芽生根为公立学校运动的兴起创设了良好的铺垫。

第二章主要是从起点的均等——教育机会均等的成长期来阐述问题的。本章分两节来介绍教育机会均等理念的成长；第一节从公立学校运动兴起的角度分析教育平等理念的发展和崛起；第二节从中等教育不断普及的角度阐述教育平等理念的拓展，不论是初等教育或是中等教育的普及，都是为适龄孩子争取平等的入学机会。而这是教育机会均等的第一步。

第三章主要是从过程的均等——教育机会均等的发展期来阐述问题的。此时期教育机会均等的理念不仅在追求所有儿童受教育的机会均等,更进一步重视教育过程的机会均等。美国废除种族隔离政策后，美国司法界对教育机会均等问题的诠释已隐含了学校教育效果的机会均等。

第四章主要是从结果的均等——教育机会均等的黄金期来阐述问题的。这个时期衡量教育机会均等的重点,已由教育资源的投入,转至教育过程的产出；教育机会均等的内涵由过程之均等转向关注处于社会一经济不利地位的学生,使其获得补偿文化经验不足的机会。

第五章主要是从高质量的教育机会均等——教育机会均等的式微期来阐述问题的。20世纪80年代以来,教育出现市场化倾向，基础教育更加追求教育品质与效率。同时，美国政府也通过一系列措施来实现教育机会均等。美国政府希望通过提高所有学生的学业成绩,以实现高质量教育机会均等的目标。

最后，文章的结语部分：美国基础教育领域的教育机会均等,其内涵经历了历史的变迁,从最初的人人享有受教育的机会到起点均等再到过程均等最后到结果均等。这是美国教育机会均等理念与实践的演进历程,对当前我国实现教育公平也具有重要启示意义。

关键词：美国；基础教育；教育机会均等；历史研究

Abstract： Today, equal opportunity education has become the subject of education reform around the world. In the United States, the concept of educational opportunities outset almost equal emphasis on special significance. Achieve a fair and equal education opportunities for education, government and people of the United States since the founding of the colonial period until now even in the relentless pursuit of goals and dreams. This paper examines the development process of the American concept of equal opportunities in education and practice of basic education, the evolution of the concept of equality of opportunity in education and its impact on education policy for clues to the development of basic education in the United States is divided into five periods: the early days of colonial education equal infancy equal opportunity, equal educational opportunity growth, development of education and equal opportunity, educational opportunities golden period, the decline of education and equal opportunity.

The introduction part of the paper describes the background and the research topics of the values ​​and meanings; equality of educational opportunity for the research involved, fairness, equality, justice, fairness concept to define analysis: describes the current domestic and international issues concerning equality of educational opportunity, U.S. Equal educational opportunity research status field of basic education issues; illustrate the methods used in this paper.

The first chapter describes the early days of the colony and the prototype of the concept of equality of education. The analysis of the realization of the ideal of the 17th century in northern first proposed universal education in the foreseeable future. The early days of the development of primary education, though relatively backward, but the concept of equality of education to get pregnant, created the concept of free public schools for the rise of the public schools sprouted roots movement creating a good bedding.

The second chapter is from the starting point of equalization - growing education and equal opportunity to illustrate the problem. This chapter is divided into two sections introduce the concept of equality of educational opportunity to grow; the first public school sports from the perspective of development and the rise of the rise of the concept of equality in education; Section II describes the concept of equality of educational development from the perspective of the growing popularity of secondary education, regardless of is universal primary education or secondary education, are fighting for equal opportunities for school-age children enrollment. And this is the first step in education and equal opportunity.

The third chapter is from the equalization process - the development of education and equal opportunity to illustrate the problem. The concept of equal educational opportunity in this period, not only in the pursuit of equal opportunities for all children to education, further emphasis on equal opportunity educational process. After the abolition of apartheid in the United States, the U.S. judicial interpretation of the Equal Access to Education has implicit effect equal opportunity school education.

The fourth chapter is mainly from the equality of outcome - the golden period of education and equal opportunity to illustrate the problem. During this period the focus of education to measure equality of opportunity, educational resources have been invested, go to the output of the educational process; connotation of equal educational opportunities for students concerned about socio-economic disadvantage in the equalization process by turning to receive compensation cultural experience lack of opportunity.

The fifth chapter is an equal opportunity for a quality education from - the decline of education and equal opportunity to illustrate the problem. Since the 1980s, the tendency of a market education, basic education to pursue more education quality and efficiency. Meanwhile, the U.S. government also adopted a series of measures to achieve equality of educational opportunity. The U.S. government hopes to improve the academic achievement of all students to achieve the goal of quality education and equal opportunity.

Finally, the last part of the article: equality of educational opportunity in the field of basic education in the United States, its meaning has undergone historic changes, access to education to everyone from the initial starting point for the process of equalization equalization and then finally to equality of results. This is the American educational philosophy and practice of equality of opportunity and Evolution, equitable education for our country also has important implications significance.

Keywords: United States; basic education; equality of educational opportunity; historical research

（冯晓艳：教育史专业外国近现代教育史方向福建师范大学硕士学位论文）