杨峰利

摘要：美国是一个移民组成的国家。在这些移民中，墨西哥移民在美国移民史上占有重要的地位，并且是当今美国最大的单一移民群体。墨西哥移民作为当下美国最大的移民群体，其在移民过程中必定对美国的教育产生了重大的影响。无论对于美国，还是对于美国教育而言，20世纪60-80年代都是一个追求平等的年代。美国在60年代末、70年代初出现了长达6年的以争取民权和反对种族歧视、反对环境恶化、反对越南战争等运动，这是美国国内政治问题追求平等的表现。在教育领域，出现了一系列的改革，颁布了一系列法案，如双语教育

运动，启智计划，1964年的《民权法案》，1965年的《初等教育和中等教育法》等，这是美国教育方面追求平等的表现。通过对1960-1980年墨西哥裔美国人追求教育平等的运动研究，从中得出对我国尽快实现教育平等提供一点资源。

    20世纪60年代追求教育平等的国际环境、激进主义思想、民权运动以及墨西哥裔美国人在地域、经济、政治和教育方面的状况，并以此为基础，分析出墨西哥裔美国人追求教育平等的必然性。

    20世纪60年代，墨西哥裔美国人受黑人民权运动影响发动“奇卡诺运动”，该运动是反对种族歧视，反对压迫，争取平等权利的社会运动。奇卡诺运动为墨西哥裔美国人争取了许多平等权利，他们的经济状况和社会地位有所改善，奇卡诺运动对墨西哥裔美国人追求教育上的平等起着重要作用。

    美国是世界上最早实施双语教育的国家之一，其双语教育的发展历史可以追溯到美国建国前。20世纪60年代，是美国双语教育发展的黄金期，该时期的双语教育运动就是其发展的充分体现。双语教育运动是针对英语和西语的双语教育，是美国少数族群追求平等权利在教育领域的体现，在该运动中墨裔美国人发挥着极为重要的作用。双语教育运动的目的就是为了解决墨西哥裔美国人和其他以西班牙语为母语的青少年在以英语为教学语言的学校中遇到的各种问题。

1968年，美国政府颁布了《双语教育法》。该法案是在民权运动不断高涨情况下颁布的，是为了缓和与少数民族的关系，应对以非英语为母语的青少年在学校中遇到的各种问题，法案在双语教育史上具有划时代的意义，它为双语教育的大力发展提供了法律依据。墨西哥裔美国人有一个愿望，就是一方面保持对自身母国文化和语言的强烈认同，另一方面又积极的为自身赢得向上层社会流动的机会，并努力尝试去适应美国主流社会和美国主流文化，融入美国社会。《双语教育法》的颁布，使这一愿望在一定程度上得以解决。在文章最后部分提出对我国追求教育平等的启示。

关键词:墨裔美国人; 教育平等; 奇卡诺运动; 双语教育

Abstract: As we all known that the United States is a nation of Mexican-immigrant plays an important role in the history of America immigrant, immigration. The biggest group in America immigration, Mexican-immigrant absolutely has made a significant impact on education in the US.

 In the 1960-80s, American began to seek equality, so as to American education. In the 1960-70s, a lot of movements aimed at civil rights, racial equality, environmental degradation and Vietnam War had showed American began to seek equality in polity. In education file, there appeared series of reformation and acts, such as Bilingual Education Movement, Head Start Program, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Elementary Education and Secondary Education of 1965;all those showed that American began to seek equality in education. We expect we can draw     inspiration from the efforts of the seeking of education equality of Mexican-Americans.

    We analyze the cause of Mexican-Americans seeking education equality based on seeking education equality, radicalism ideology, Civil Rights Movement and the state of region, economy, policy and education of Mexican-Americans in the 1960s.

    Mexican-Americans were impacted by Negro Civil Rights Movement, and started "Together the Carnot Movement" in the 1960s aimed at racial equality. The movement had succeeded for some equality rights for Mexican-Americans. So it played a significant role in seeking educational equality of Mexican-Americans.

    The United States is one of the oldest nations that implement bilingual education, and the history can date from before the nation established. The 1960s was the golden time of developing bilingual education; Bilingual Education Movement was a representation. Bilingual education directed at English and Spanish, it represented the pursue of educational equality of national minority.  The purpose of Bilingual education was to solve kinds of difficult of leaning in English-speaking schools for Mexican-Americans. The United States put Bilingual Education Acts into practice. The Acts was aimed at harmonize the relationship between the majority and the minority and solve kinds of difficult of leaning in English-speaking schools for adolescents that their mother tongue was not English. The Acts had significant importance for the history of bilingual education as it offers a legal judge for developing bilingual education. Mexican-Americans had a wish that keeping self-identity of their culture and language and attempting to conform the society and culture of the majority at the same time, and Bilingual Education Acts made their wish came true at a certain extent. In the end, Enlightenment on China's pursuit

Keywords:Mexican-American;educationequality;ChicanoMovement;BilingualEducation.

(杨峰利 教育史专业山东师范大学硕士学位论文)