美国基础教育领域教育机会均等问题的历史研究

摘要：教育机会均等是一个历史的、动态的概念。自学校产生以来，教育在历史长河的大部分岁月里都是少数人享有的奢侈品。随着人类社会生产力水平的提高和社会的不断进步，教育平等逐渐成为人们追求的目标。今天，教育机会均等问题己成为世界各国教育改革的主题。在美国，教育机会的观念几乎一开始就有注重均等的特殊意义。实现教育公平和教育机会均等，是美国政府和人民从建国以来甚至在殖民地时期一直到现在不懈追求的目标和梦想，从某种意义上说，美国在保障教育平等方面为全世界树立了楷模。本文考察了美国基础教育领域教育机会均等理念与实践的发展历程，以教育机会均等概念的演变及其对教育政策的影响为线索，将美国基础教育发展分为五个时期：殖民地与建国初期教育机会均等的萌芽期、教育机会均等的成长期(1830—1945)、教育机会均等的发展期(1945—1960)、教育机会均等的黄金期(1960—1980)、教育机会均等的式微期(1981一目前)。美国教育机会均等的内涵经历了一个不断深化发展的过程：从最初政治层面对平等理念的诉求)教育起点的均等)教育过程的均等)教育结果的均等)高质量教育机会均等。美国教育机会均等理念的嬗变既体现了人类追求教育公平的内在规律，也体现了美国作为移民国家的自身特点，对其研究，有助于我们更好地汲取其有益经验，促进各国更好地实现教育公平。

关键词：美国，基础教育，教育机会均等，历史研究

A Historical Study on the Equality of Educational Opportunity in American Basie Education

Abstract：Equality of educational opportunity is a historical and changing concept. Since the appearance of schools， education is a luxury enjoyed by a small number of people in the most times. With the improvement of the level of social productive forces and social progress， Equality of educational opportunity has gradually become the goal that human beings are constantly perusing. With the continuous development of society， this problem has become the hot issues for all the countries in the world， and it is the direction of each country's educational reform. The notion of equality and equal opportunity has been a part of American history from the beginning. Achieving educational equity and equality of educational opportunities is the objective and dream of the government and the people in the United States from foundation， even if in the colonial times. In a sense， the United States set an example for the whole world in the aspect of assuring the educational equality. This article investigated the evolution process of the concept and practice about the equality of educational opportunity in American basic education. According to the evolution of the concept of equality of educational opportunity， the history of American basic education can be divided into five periods: the budding period (the Colonial times and the early period of Nationhood)， the growing period (1830-1945)， the developing period (1945-1960)， the climax period (1960-1980)， the declining period (1981-until now).The concept of equality of educational opportunity has gone through such a history which changes from equal access to education， then the process of education and at last the outcome of education. The changing of the concept of equality of educational opportunity not only reflects the inherent rule of human beings pursue equity， but also

demonstrates America's own features. The research can provide reference for us and

promote all the countries to achieve the education equity.

Keywords: America， Basic Education， Equality of Educational Opportunity， Historical Study

(冯晓艳 教育史专业福建师范大学硕士学位论文)