美国教师教育中大学与中小学合作的体制与机制研究
——以专业发展学校为中心
摘要：第一章是对美国教师教育中大学与中小学合作史前期探索的考察，分两节解析了不同时段的典型合作模式——实验学校和入门学校的产生与发展、特色类型与功能，在探索中提取其持续运行所依托的体制与机制，以及致使其最后走向衰败的合作体制与机制方面的弊病。
第二章是对 20 世纪 80 年代以来美国教师教育中大学与中小学合作发展历程的回顾，首先阐明了此时期教师教育中大学与中小学合作模式得以正式启动的背景与理论基础，进而从不同角度分析了此时期的多种合作类型，阐明了 PDS 在诸多合作类型的中位置。在此基础上，本章第三部分专门剖析了 PDS 在近三十年发展历程中合作体制与机制的设计与演进。
第三、四、五章是从实践角度对 PDS 的研究。其中第三章主要阐明两个问题，一是呈现 PDS 在全美分布与实施的概貌；二是阐释 PDS 合作功能及其发挥情况，这是后续两章研究得以开展的前提性问题，因为只有证明了在实践中 PDS 功能确实已得以发挥，才可能探索其功能发挥所依托的体制与机制。第四章和第五章分别从整体和案例两个层面分析了优秀 PDS 所依托的组织体系和运行机制。第四章为整体呈现，该章首先选定了当前 PDS 探索中的优秀项目作为研究对象，进而将这些优秀 PDS 探索中丰富多样的组织管理经验与运行策略纳入到合作体制与机制的分析框架之中，宏观展现了 PDS合作得以有效持续进行的合作体系与运行机制。第五章以马里兰州为例，全面深入地呈现了 PDS 的内外部体制与机制保障。
结语部分集中阐述了研究结论，并就美国经验的可推广性进行了探讨。本研究认为，确保美国 PDS 合作有效持续发展的体制与机制的最显著的特征是多层次性、系统性。PDS 经验作为世界范围内教师教育领域大学与中小学合作探索的成果可以共享，但由于其植根于美国社会与教育土壤，不可移植。
关键词：美国；教师教育；大学与中小学合作；体制；机制；专业发展学校
Abstract: Since 1980s, School-University Partnership has become a popular paradigm of teacher education reform in the world. Although the specific names are different, but the concept of collaboration is in agreement, now this pattern has been everywhere in the world. Like any other education reform measures, how to promote the expected results of the reform into practice is the key problem which can not be evaded. Professional Development Schools(PDS)，as one innovative model of the school-university partnership to reform teacher education, also face this key problem. To this dissertation, there are two indicators which can be used to assess the efficiency of PDS, the first one is whether the expected goals have been achieved, whether the preset functions have been played, the second one is whether the collaborative relationship is sustainable. At the same time, School-University Partnership is a kind of interorganizational relationship, the setting of collaborative organization systems and the establishment of the operation mechanisms are usually the key factors which may restraint the functions play. Based on all this, the research problem of this dissertation is what kind of systems and mechanisms are used by PDS to promote the efficiency and sustainability of the partnership. In order to make the problem more clear, it was divided into three research questions. First, what kinds of experience and lessons can be learned from the early prehistoric exploration for PDS to the systems and mechanisms design. What is the idealdesign of the PDS systems and mechanisms by the professional organizations, what kind of Continuity and discontinuity has been appeared during the past thirty years research and exploration？The last one is, Seeing from practice, what kinds of systems and mechanisms are used by the excellent PDS to promote the collaboration efficiency and sustainability?
When it comes to the research method, the dissertation belongs to Literature research. Reasons for choose this kind of method are as following: Firstly, the history review and examination need numerous historical materials. Secondly, the ideal design of the PDS systems and mechanisms depend on the reports which the representive professional organizations has published. Thirdly. the material which reflect the conditions of practicing systems and mechanism are also required. So Literature research method is fit for this study.
This thesis includes the following components:
The Introduction of the thesis includes problem presentation, literature review, study design, the values and innovations of the study and definition of some concepts.
Chapte I rexamines the prehistoric exploration of School-University Partnership in teacher education. Part One demonstrates the development process, the models and functions of Lab Schools, While Part Two focus on the portal school which was born in 1960s. Through the analysis, we concluded the valid systems and mechanism which promote the effectiveness and sustainability of the partnership. Also, we obtained the lessons of the invalid systems and mechanisms which must be avoid.
Chapter II reviews the development process of School-University Partnership which emerged in the 1980s.First of all, the social background and the theory foundation areexamined. Then the different models of the Partnerships are divided from three dimensions, PDS belongs to the most advanced and widest used model. The last part of this chapter retrospects the three development stages of PDS, Which is divided by the different systems and mechanisms the professional organizations designed.
Chapter Ⅲ, IV and V are see from the practical perspective. Chapter Ⅲ answers two main questions, the first one is the general picture of the PDS in the US; the second one is to focus on the primary functions of the US and whether the functions have been realized. The second question is so important, because if the PDS have not achieve the preset goals, then it is impossible to seek the efficient systems and mechanisms through the analysis of excellent PDS, there is not any excellent one at all.
Chapter IV and V analyses the systems and mechanism of the excellent PDS from the whole perspective and the individual perspective. Chapter IV chooses the research objectives first, then put the effective systems and mechanisms which are used by the excellent PDS into the according dimensions. Chapter V examines the PDS organization systems and mechanisms from the state level, the Maryland is the example.
The last Part of the thesis is the conclusion. From this study, we conclude that the obvious character of the PDS systems and mechanisms are the mutiple level quality and systematicness. Mutiple level quality means from the national level to the state level then to the university and school district level,different kinds of mechanisms and systems are designed to promote the development of PDS. The systematicness means in every individual PDS, the collaborative relationship, the structure/role and resoures are institinalised, and the learning community is created. The communicative ways are perfect and the assess systems and accountability procedures are clear.
Key words：America；Teacher Education；School-University Partnership；Mechanism；System；Professional Development School
（张晓莉 比较教育学专业比较教师教育方向东北师范大学大学博士学位论文）