从“师范教育”到“教师教育”
——美国中小学教师教育的历史研究
摘要：美国中小学教师教育经历了从无到有，从“师范教育”到“教师教育”的历史过程。培养机构经历了从师范学校到师范学院再到综合大学教育学院的历史演进，培养目标也经历了从最初的培养一个教师到培养一个合格教师再到培养“学者型”教师的历史质变。
本文从历史角度出发，借助文献法，论述了美国中小学教师教育不同历史时期主流培养机构的课程设置和培养目标，并探讨了其成败，以期为我国中小学教师教育提供理论支撑。
本文除引言和结语外，分五个部分对美国中小学教师教育进行研究。
第一部分论述了 19 世纪 20 年代至 19 世纪末美国师范教育产生时期美国的中小学教师教育。这一时期，培养美国中小学教师的主要机构是师范学校，其课程设置只是在普通中学课程的基础上增加了教育学科，主要培养小学教师。
第二部分论述了 19 世纪末至 20 世纪 50 年代美国师范教育形成时期美国的中小学教师教育。这一时期，美国中小学教师的主要培养机构是师范学院，教师教育的师范性受到了重视，目的是为社会培养合格的中小学教师。
第三部分论述了 20 世纪 50 年代至 20 世纪 80 年代美国师范教育向教师教育转变时期美国的中小学教师教育。这一时期，综合大学的教育学院担当起了培养中小学教师的大部分责任，其课程设置开始重视师范性和学生性的平衡，培养目标是培养“学者型”的教师。
第四部分介绍了 20 世纪 80 年代至 20 世纪末美国教师教育形成时期的几次教育改革。提高教师的社会地位，提高教师的专业化水平提上了日程。
第五部分介绍了美国中小学教师教育对我国的启示。一是要强调教师教育质量，提高教师的专业素质；二是要强调教师教育的重要性，提高教师的地位。
关键词：美国；中小学教师；教师教育；师范教育
Abstract：It’s a historical process that American teachers’ education of the primary and secondary schools which from not exist to exist, from the normal education to teacher education. Training institution which from normal middle school to teachers college, to school education in comprehensive university has experienced historical evolution, the cultivation goal which from cultivate a teacher to a qualified teachers, to a scholarly teacher has experienced the qualitative history evolution.
From historical perspective, this paper uses literature method, discusses the curriculum and cultivation goal of the major training institution in different historical periods, and discusses its success and failure, in order to provide theoretical support for our country’s teachers’ education in primary and secondary school.
Except introduction and epilogue, this paper includes five parts to study the teachers’ education of the primary and secondary school in America deeply.
The first part discusses teachers education of the Primary and secondary school form the period in the 1820s to the end of the 19th century (American normal education was born during this period) in the United States. During this period, normal middle school was the main institutions to train the teachers, the curriculum of education subject was added that based on the ordinary high school curriculum, the main training goal was training primary school teachers.
The second part discusses teachers' education of the primary and secondary schools from the late 19th century to the 1950s (the period that the American normal education formed) in the United States. During this period, teachers’ college is the main training institutions of the primary and secondary schools , teacher puts a premium on normal education, in the purpose of training qualified primary and secondary school teachers for the society.
The third part discusses teachers’ education of the primary and secondary schools from 1950s to 1980s (the period that normal education shifted to teacher education). During this period, the college of education in comprehensive university taking the most responsibility of cultivating primary and secondary school teachers, the curriculum began to focus on how to balance the Normal and academic, teachers training target was to develop "scholar".The fourth part introduces the education reform from1980s to the end of the 20th century (the period that the American teachers’ education formed). Improving teachers' social status and improving the level of teachers' specialization were on the agenda.
The fifth part introduces the American primary and secondary school teachers’ education enlightenment to our country. First, we must emphasize teacher education’s quality, to improve the professional quality of teachers; Second, we must stress the importance of teacher education, improving teachers' status.
Keywords: American; teachers in primary and middle schools; teacher education; normal education
（孔德娥 教育史专业外国教育史方向西北师范大学硕士学位论文）