中国高等教育治理模式探析
赵辉
摘要：我国当前社会正处于转型时期,高等教育的生存和发展环境发生了根本性的变化,研究转型期政府、市场和高等教育的关系与特点,加大高等教育改革力度,促进高等教育的健康发展,具有重要的现实意义。改革开放30年来,我国高等教育改革经历了恢复调整、酝酿改革、积极探索、规模发展四个阶段,取得了较大的成就,但也存在着许多的问题,比如尚未根本改变大学依附于政府的行政管理模式、高等教育中介组织不发达等等。在对问题进行详细分析的基础上,我们试图寻找强大的理论来指导我国当前高等教育改革的方向。
治理理论因其巨大的影响力,在诸多社会科学领域中得到了广泛应用,充分显示了它的强大生命力。治理理论对于社会实践强大的指导作用,让我们找到了高等教育发展与改革的理论依据。文章在首先明确高等教育第三部门属性的基础上,确定了高等教育第三部门的社会组织地位,进而依据治理理论提出了在高等教育领域构建政府、市场和第三部门共同参与的多元协商治理模式。
在高等教育的多元协商治理模式中,政府应该是“有限政府”,政府通过宏观调控,把握高等教育发展与改革的方向;通过不断扩大对于高等教育的投入,满足公众对于高等教育的需求,保障高等教育的社会公益性,促进高等教育治理的良性发展。
市场机制可以利用其在资源配置方面的优势在高等教育治理过程中发挥巨大作用。高等教育机构通过向学生适当收取学费,让公众分担一部分办学成本;通过走产学研的道路,提高自身可持续发展的水平和能力;大力发展民办高等教育,弥补高等教育资源的不足。市场机制虽然在高等教育领域能够发挥积极作用,但是我们也要看到市场本身的缺陷,通过采取积极措施,避免高等教育走向市场化的误区。
第三部门也是高等教育治理的主体之一,高等教育中介组织利用自身学术性、专业性的优势,向政府和社会提供信息咨询服务,使得政府和市场更好的参与高等教育治理过程。第三部门也是高等教育供给的重要力量,第三部门供给高等教育一方面可以弥补高等教育资源的不足,另一方面还可以满足公众对于高等教育多样化的需求。第三部门在政府与高等教育、市场与高等教育之间起到一种协调与沟通的作用,缓和矛盾,增进合作,促进高等教育治理的协调发展。
就像市场失灵和政府失灵一样,高等教育治理作为一种公共管理过程,其本身不具有强制力和约束力,可能会出现治理失灵的现象。因此,我们必须通过培育成熟的公民社会、追求共同的价值目标、完善有关的法律体系、公正透明的信息公开制度来建设高等教育治理的外部环境、公共价值、保障制度和权力制约机制,从而多元主体共同参与的平等协商对话机制,创建高等教育的治理模式,促进高等教育的和谐、进步与发展。
关键词:高等教育；治理；改革；发展
Analysis on China Higher Edueation Governance Mode
ZHAO Hui
Abstract:Chinese soeiety is in a transitional Period,higher education has subjected to essential changes in its survial and development environment,so research the relations and features of government,market and higher education in turning stage,intensify higher education reform,promote higher education to be developed healthilyhave a great and practical meaning.Since 30 years of reforming and opening up to the world,Chinese higher education reform has experienced these four stages:reeover adjustment,prepare reform,active probe and scale development,which has made greata ahievenlents,but many problems still exist,for example,the mode that colleges depend on governmlental administration has not basically changed,higher educational medi一organizations do not develop very well,etc.based on the problem analysis in detail,we try to find strong theory to instruct the direction of the current higher education reform.
Governance theory has applied to many social scientific areas and fully displayed the exuberant vitality with its great influence.The strong instruction og governance theory to social practice provides us the theoretical basis on higher education development and reform.This paper on the basis of defining the property of the third sector in higher education,establishes its social organizational position,and then put forward multi-consultation governance mode with the participation of government,market and the third sector in higher education areas.
In the multi-consultation governance mode,govemment should be a”limited government”,grasp the direction of higher edueation development and reform through macro-control;expand higher education input to meet public needs to higher education,guarantee the public welfare of higher education,promote the sound development of high education governance.
Market mechan is able to play a great role in higher education governance with its advantage on resource allocation.Higher education institution charge appropriate tuition and give the public a part of teaching cost,take the road of the combining production,teaching and research to improve sustainable development level and ability of itself;vigorously develop non-state higher education to make up shortage of higher education resource.Although plays a positive role in higher education area,market still has its defects,so active measures should be taken to avoid higher education going into the mistakable area in marketing.
The third sector is one of objeetives in higher edueation governance as well.Higher educational medi-organizations,taking good use of its technical and professional advantage,provide govemment and society information consulting service,put government and society in a better position in higher education governance.The third sector is also an import force for higher education supply,it can make up the shortage of higher education resource on one hand,and on the other hand,it can meet public needs to higher education diversity.The third sector plays a coordinating and communicating part in govemment and higher education,market and education,relieving conflicts,enhancing cooptation,promoting consultative development of higher education governance.
Like market and government failure,higher education governanee,as a pubic governance proeess,may fail for unenforceable and unbinding.We should cultivate mature civil society,seekcommon value objective,improve relevant legal system,and establish fair and transparent information disclosure system,to build higher education governance externa lenvironment,common value,guarantee system and power restrietion mechanism,and thus establish equal consultation dialogue mechanism with the participation of multi-bodies,create governance mode for higher education,promote higher education in harmony,progress and development.
Keywords:higher education,governanee,reform,development
（山东大学硕士学位论文）