大学排名对欧洲高等教育体系的影响
芭芭拉·科姆
摘 要：本文分析了众多大学排名中存在的共同问题，并试图回答以下三个问题:大学排名测量的是什么?大学排名为谁服务?大学排名对谁最为重要?作者还通过具体分析一些欧洲大学排名与全国性大学排名，阐述这些大学排名对国家高等教育系统与高等教育机构的影响，并进一步讨论该如何正确运用大学排名、发挥大学排名的积极作用。
总结：1、现有的大学排名对大学质量与绩效的定义较为片面，对全部高等教育机构使用同一套测量指标，大学排名所运用的指标体系只适用于测量全球顶尖的研究型大学。这导致全球科研产出测量的同一化以及排名结果的相对稳定，全球最顶尖的十所大学少有变动。
2、在欧洲大学排名仅对少数学生群体有重要作用，更多的是对高等教育机构管理者与政策制定者有重要影响。在他们看来，大学排名对大学声誉与大学竞争力意义重大——大学声誉通过大学排名加以体现，并借助在高等教育体系的排名强化已有声誉;大学竞争力也主要依托大学排名得以量化。
3、一味抵制大学排名是没用的，要认识到大学排名将一直存在的事实，关键是要尽一切努力改善它们。大学排名的参与者非常广泛，包括综合型大学、尤其是老牌院校，但不包括发展中国家的大多数学校以及高等教育规模太小的国家的学校。大学排名促进了高等教育的市场化与商品化。
4、高等教育机构是为社会的和平稳定服务，这是在信任的范式基础上基于一套相对稳定的规范、价值观与信仰。但近年来，这种互相信任的契约关系被控制、监督、问责制所取代，这种变化是由大多数欧洲国家发生的财政危机与合法化危机引发的。我们需要做的是寻求一个更合适的平衡点，建立高等教育系统间更好的信任范式，而保持高等教育系统内相互信任的关键是学术团体与高等教育机构都始终坚持专业学术标准。
关键词：大学排名；欧洲高等教育体系
The impact of rankings on the European higher education landscape
Barbara M. Kehm
Abstract：In this article I will look at some of main problems most rankings have in common and try to answer three questions: What do rankings measure? Whom do they serve? And to whom are they important? I will then take a closer look on some of the European and national ranking exercises and analyze their impacts on national higher education systems and individual institutions. In my conclusions I want to make an argument how possibly to play the ranking game if we want to play it.
Summary: 1、The present university rankings have an one-sided definition of university quality and performance, and the index system in use is only suitable for measuring the top research universities. It results in a relatively steady ranking, which means that the top 10 rarely changed.
2、Rankings of European universities play an important role for minority student groups, while they have a major impact on higher education institution managers and decision-makers. To them, the rankings are of great significance to its reputation and competitiveness: the university’s reputation is shown via rankings, and it uses the rankings to consolidate its reputation; the competitiveness of universities is mainly quantified by the rankings as well.
3、It is no use blindly boycotting the rankings, and we should realize the fact that the rankings are always there, which means the key point is to try our best to make them better. The participants of rankings are very wide, including comprehensive universities, especially the veteran institutions, but not include most schools in developing countries or the ones whose higher education scale is too small. The university rankings give rise to the marketization and commercialization of higher education.
4、The higher education institutions should serve for the society’s peace and stability, which is based on a set of relatively stable norms, values and beliefs lying on the foundation of trust paradigm. But in recent years, the contractual relationship of mutual trust is replaced by control, supervise and accountability system, which is caused by the financial and validity crisis in most European countries. What we need to do is to seek a more proper balance, to establish a better trust paradigm among higher education systems, and the essential factor of keeping the trust is that the academic groups and the higher education institutions keep adhering to professional academic standards.
Key words：university rankings; European higher education system
出处：《北京大学教育评论》2012年7月第10卷第3期
搜集人&翻译：王燕