学术创新与大学的科层制管理
陈洪捷
摘要：以行政管理为基础的量化学术评价制度虽然意在鼓励学术创新与学术质量的提高，但其精神与学术工作的逻辑有着内在的矛盾。本文对这一矛盾进行了分析，指出大学应当在以科层制为基础的行政秩序与学术自发秩序之间保持平衡，真正为学术创新提供空间。
总结：1、量化的盛行是大学行政化的一种具体表现。科层组织或科层化管理具有其他组织形式无法比拟的技术优越性，具有精确、迅速、稳定性、可预期性、服从规则等特点。科层组织的原则在今天更加深入地渗透到几乎所有的社会生活领域。大学中的行政体系完全是按照科层制的原则来组织和运行的。大学的管理趋于异化，凌驾于学术之上，出现行政为体、量化为用的现象。
2、学术自由是学术研究的基本条件，学术自由意味着松散的结构和最低程度的干涉。大学的科层化是一种趋势，但是不能因此而忽略学术活动在本质上与科层组织精神的根本差别。
3、明智之法是尊重学术工作本身的法则，把行政管理限制在其可以发挥作用的范围之内，即为教学和科研提供更好的基础条件，而不是为其制定更多的规章制度。大学的运行是自下而上的，也就是说，大学以教学和科研活动为基础，而行政性管理只是承担着支持性和辅助性功能，它虽然不得不以科层制的方式运行，但是不能反宾为主。
关键词：大学；学术创新；科层制
Academic innovation and university’s bureaucratic management
Chen Hongjie
Abstract: While the quantitative research evaluation method, based on need of administration management, aims to encourage academic innovations and improve research quality, it contradicts with the inner logic of academic work. This paper analyzes the contradiction and points out that to encourage academic innovations, universities should keep a balance between bureaucrat management and spontaneous order of academic work.
Summary： 1、The prevalence of quantify is a concrete manifestation of university administrative. Bureaucratic organization or bureaucratic management has a technical superiority over other forms of organizations: it is accurate, fast, stable, expectable and obedient to rules. Today the principles of bureaucratic organization are more deeply permeate to almost all areas of social life. The organization and function of administrative system in universities is in full accordance with the principals of bureaucratic organizations. The management of universities tends to be alienated and override academy, and the phenomenon arises that the administrative for body and quantify for use.
2、Academic freedom is the basic condition of academic research, which means a loose structure and a minimum degree of interference. Though the bureaucratic of universities is a tendency, we cannot ignore the fundamental difference between academic activities and the spirit of bureaucratic organizations in essence.
3、Wise method is to respect the rules of academic work itself, and limit administrative to a range in which it can work. That is to say, we should provide a better basic condition for teaching and research instead of making more rules. Universities are running bottom-up; in other words, universities are based on teaching and researches, while administrative management is undertaking the supporting and auxiliary function; it has to run in the method of bureaucratic, but it shouldn’t turn to subject from object.
Key words: university; academic innovation; bureaucracy
出处：《北京大学教育评论》2012年7月第10卷第3期
搜集人&翻译：王燕