蔡元培与梅贻琦治校风格的对比研究——兼论教育家转型

摘要：在从教育大国向教育强国迈进的征途中，倡导教育家办学的呼吁越来越强烈。然而，关于“什么是教育家”、“教育家分哪些类型”等基本问题，仍然众说纷纭、莫衷一是。在研究相关文献的基础上，本文界定了教育家这个概念的内涵和外延，指出教育家是在教育实践领域有特殊贡献的人，其特殊贡献表现在四个层面：信仰层面，思想层面，实践层面，社会影响层面。四个层面之间存在着严格的逻辑关系，其中社会影响是评判教育家的根本标准。参照马克斯·韦伯的统治类型理论，根据教育家的社会影响方式的差异，教育家可以分为卡里斯玛型和法理型。尽管两种教育家具有各自特色，但是存在共同特征即都积极追求教育自由权利。随着社会转型和教育发展，卡里斯玛型教育家会向法理型教育家转型，但是二者对教育自由权利的共同追求不会改变。

本文以个案研究法和比较研究法为基本方法，以教育家蔡元培和梅贻琦为研究对象，对比研究他们的治校风格，并以此为基础讨论教育家的转型。全文分为五章，第一章为绪论，简要介绍研究背景、理论基础、研究方法和文献基础。第二章和第三章为论文主体，分内部自由的建设和外部自治的维系两个维度，在每个维度上按照教育信仰（理念）坚持——制度建设——共同体维系（建设）的分析框架，展现教育家蔡元培和梅贻琦的治校风格。研究发现，蔡元培维系北大教育自由带有明显的卡里斯玛色彩，梅贻琦维系清华教育自由带有明显的法理色彩。第四章归纳教育家蔡元培和梅贻琦治校风格的差异与相同点，指出教育家转型的本质是教育自由的保障，转型的前提是教育领域权力秩序向权利秩序的转变，转型的具体方法是教育领域教育权利的赋予和完善。第五章对整篇论文进行总结，强调无论是教育家涌现，还是教育家转型，或是教育家办学，都需要赋予和保障教育自由权利。

关键词：教育家；蔡元培；梅贻琦；卡里斯玛型；法理型

总结：1、本文可以分为四个部分。第一个部分主要是提出研究的问题，并对研究的意义，国内外研究现状以及研究的理论基础等方面进行简要的概述。

2、第二部分在论述了蔡元培卡里斯玛型治校风格总体上是成功的，原因在于他在某种意义上重构了大学和政府的关系，申明了大学的本质的同时，又论述了其不成功之处，并对其原因进行了总结：（1）历史偶然性大；（2）教授治校制度的脆弱；（3）蔡元培所倡导的核心原则——学术自由并没有成功。

3、第三部分则是论述了传统型统治类型、卡里斯玛型统治类型、法理型统治类型三者之间所共通之处在于社会行动的类型框架的一致，均为信仰——制度——共同体。同时，分析了梅贻琦治校风格是将梅贻琦对清华的治理方式理想化为一种法理型教育统治类型。这种治校方式同时兼具稳定性和脆弱性。但整体上还是成功的。

4、第四部分重点说明了可以通过保障教育自由、赋予教育者充分的教育权利等方式来存进教育家转型。同时，对文章的主要观点和内容进行了总结。得出教育家的转型需要以下条件：允许公私立教育的并存；教育权利的地方分权；教育组织的管理方式的民主化，赋予教师参与学校管理的权利；校长任期的无限期制。

Abstract: The appeal for educationists to govern education is becoming increasingly stronger with the background of China trying to transform from a big country in education to a power country in education. However, there is still no agreement on the basic issues such as what are the qualifications for an educationist and what are the types of educationists. Based on the related literature, this paper defines the educationist: an educationist is the person who has made special contributions to the field of education. The contributions are on four levels: on the level of faith, on the level of theory, on the level of practice and on the level of social influence. The four levels are logically related and the level of social influence is the most essential one. According to Marx Weber’s tripartite classification of authority, educationists can be classified into the type of Charismatic and the type of rational-legal. Though the ways to influence society are different, there is something in common between them: strong appeal for the educational freedom. With the transformation of society, the Charismatic type is likely to change to the rational-legal type, while the appeal for the educational freedom will persist.

This study is to present the differences and similarities of the university governing styles of educationist Yuanpei Cai and educationist Yiqi Mei. The educationist transformation is also discussed. The study applied case study and comparative research method. There are five chapters of this thesis. Chapter one is the introduction. It briefly introduced the question, the theory, the research method and the related literature of the study. Chapter two and chapter three present educationist Yuanpei Cai’s and educationist Yiqi Mei’s university governing styles. The analysis of the study is based on two dimensions: inner freedom construction and outer freedom maintenance, each dimension is analyzed based on the framework of Persistence of Faith – System Construction – the Community Maintenance. The study concludes that educationist Yuanpei Cai practiced the Charisma governing style while educationist Yiqi Mei practiced the rational-legal style. Chapter four summarizes the differences and the similarities of the university governing style of the two educationists, it also points out: the essence of the educationist transformation is the educational freedom, the premise of the educationist transformation is the change from the power order to the right order in the educational field, the way of the educationist transformation is to empower education right and to perfect it. Chapter Five highlights that the essence of both the educationist transformation and the educationist govern education are the empowerment and the insurance of the educational freedom.

Key words: Educationist; Yuanpei Cai; Rational-legal type ; Charismatic type ;

（张权力教育学原理专业华中科技大学硕士学位论文）