“减压式转学”:超越现有退学制的新探索
徐家庆
摘 要：高等教育大众化以来大学生退学事件增多，给高校育人和稳定造成压力。现有退学制虽然对我国高教事业发展产生过积极作用，但在新形势下对高校育人和稳定也存在一定负面问题。作为一项制度创新，“减压式转学”虽然借鉴了美国高校的“反向转学”制，但比后者更适合我国高教的实情;虽然源于对现有退学制的反思，但比后者具有诸多新优点。不仅在操作上超越“反向转学”制，而且在功能上超越现有退学制，能更好地达到教育之目的，实现对学生淘汰由冲突到稳定的软着陆。
关键词：“减压式转学”;“反向转学”;退学制;稳定
作者简介：徐家庆 山东大学马克思主义学院(山东济南250100)
总结：1、“退学处理制度”是指学校对于已经取得入学资格，并正常注册的学生，因发生某些特定的情形而取消或终止其学籍的一种管理办法。现行退学制的弊端有：①大学早期的宽容危害大于关爱；②滞后的淘汰使退学成本增高；③剥夺受教育权招致“诉讼”不断；④“放水”求稳，漠视“次品”入市。
2、“减压式转学”是指，新生在入学后第一学年出现严重学业危机时，即启动淘汰机制，把他们转出本校但不抛给社会，而是在省域范围内低一层次或类别的高校，让其重新选择学校甚至是专业，减轻其学业不适应的压力，开始新学业的一种退出机制。
3、提出“减压式转学”制是受美国高校“反向转学”制的启示。20世纪60年代美国开始出现“反向转学”教育，即学生在进入社区学院前已在一所以上四年制大学或学院注册并修有学分，然后反向流动至社区学院学习的现象。
4、减压式转学相对我国传统的退学制有以下优点：①警示学生效果明显；②维护学生受教育权；③降低学生学习风险；④社会可接受度高。
5、要有效实施减压式转学制，必须做到立法先行、分类管理、校际合作、社会协同、学校指导、学生参与。
Pressure-Released Transfer: An Alternative to the Current Drop-off System of College
XU Jia-qing
Abstract：As China’s higher education has stepped into the stage of popularization, the college drop-off rate has increased, posing much pressure on student cultivation and stability of college. As an institutional innovation borrowed from the reversal transfer system of American university, pressure-released transfer system is much more suitable to China’s educational context and more efficient. It is superior to the current college drop-off system in operation and function, thereby realizing the goal of better education and a soft landing of student elimination system.
Key words：Pressure-Released Transfer, Reversal Transfer System, Drop-off System, Stability
Author：XU Jia-qing, School of Marxism, Shandong University (Jinan 250100, Shandong, China)
Summary：1. “The college drop off system” refers to a management method that the school cancels or stops students’ school roll that have obtained admission and registered properly but been involved in some specific circumstances. The current system has some malpractices: ①the tolerance at early period of college brings more harm than help; ②the lagged elimination increases the dropout costs; ③the deprivation of right of education initiate lots of litigation; ④some schools lower the standards so that the students could graduate smoothly, which makes the quality of graduates declines.
2. The “pressure-released transfer” means that, when the students come up with serious academic crisis in their first year, the elimination mechanism is started, which transfer them from the original school to a low-level college within province instead of to the society. Thus they get the opportunity to choose school and even major one more time to reduce the stress from maladjustment of learning and start a new career.
3. The proposing of “pressure-released transfer” is inspired by the “reversal transfer system” in American colleges. In 1960s, the reversal transfer education showed up in America, which refers to the phenomenon that students make reversal transfer to community college when they have already registered in one or more four-year college and got credits.
4. The pressure-released transfer has several advantages over our current drop-off system: ①A more obvious warning effect on the students; ②A protection of education right of students; ③Lower of learning risks of students; ④Higher acceptance of the society.
5. If we want to carry out the pressure-released transfer effectively, we have to make the legislation first, manage according to category, obtain the joint of society, and get the guidance from school as well as the participation of students.
出处：《复旦教育论坛》2013年第11卷第1期
搜集&翻译：王燕