论张伯苓教育思想的演变
摘要：张伯苓是我国著名的爱国教育家。最初，他带着武力救国的理想走进了北洋水师，但甲午战争中国的惨败让他明白，这条路走不通。在图强求变的社会思潮影响下，张伯苓选择了终身从事教育事业的道路。
怀抱着教育救国的理想，张伯苓回到了天津。严馆时期是张伯苓教育实践的开始，在那里他对新式教育模式进行了初步的探索。创办一所新式学校是张伯苓要实现的第一个目标，在对日本进行认真的考察和学习之后，于1904年创办了南开中学。当时的中国社会积弊颇深，张伯苓的办学目的就在于“痛矫时弊，育才救国。”在实践中，从开始的照搬日本模式，到随后的模仿美国，此时的张伯苓尚未找到适合中国国情的教育模式，整个办学实践还处于摸索期。
随着时代的发展和变化以及实践的检验，张伯苓越来越感到创办一所高等学府的重要性和迫切性，1919年，南开大学应运而生，随后他又创办了女中和小学，至此，从小学到大学的南开教育体系初具规模。经过一段时间的办学实践和多次的对欧美等国的考察之后，张伯苓认识到，教育的真正目的，在于“以教育之力量，使我中国现代化。”教育目的的转变直接导致了办学方针和重点的变化。此刻，他已经认识到单纯的模仿和照搬是不可取的，只有将外国科学的理论与中国的实际情况相结合，才能找到适合中国国情的教育模式。同时，南开开始更注重培养学生的现代能力，更注意将教育与社会的进步联系起来。
20世纪30年代后期，南开教育体系受到战争等一系列因素的破坏。面对毕生心血毁于一旦，张伯苓认识到了“教育不是立在物质上，而是立在精神上的。”只要南开精神还在，南开学校就永远不会消逝。重建后的南开大学成为了一所公立大学。面对复杂的政治环境，张伯苓已经无力抗争，他被迫辞去了南开校长一职，从此断绝了与自己费尽一生心血所创办的南开大学之间的联系。
总的来说，张伯苓的教育思想是不断进步发展的，他顺应时代的进步，一步步完善自己的教育思想，坚持培养适合时代要求的人才。从头到尾他都始终关注国家的发展和进步，不断根据国家需要调整自己的教育思想和实践。应该说他的教育思想很大程度上推动了中国近现代教育事业的发展。
关键词：张伯苓；教育思想；实践；演变；南开
总结：1、本文可以大致分为5个部分。第一部分主要是提出研究的问题，并对研究的意义，国内外研究现状以及研究的理论基础等方面进行简要的概述。
2、第二部分主要是阐述张伯苓是如何走上教育道路的，既其走上教育道路的渊源。
3、第三部分通过介绍张伯苓对于教育的早期探索，始于严馆时期，随后的南开学校，更是他大展抱负的开始。南开学校的名称从私立中学堂，到敬业中学堂，再到南开中学堂，最后定为南开学校。借此来反映张伯苓的教育思想一步步摆脱封建束缚的过程，最终，建立一所新式中学，才是他的目的所在。
4、第四部分主要是阐述20世纪20——30年代初期，这一张伯苓教育思想变化最大的时期，也是他的实践活动最多的时期。在这一时期，张伯苓顺应时代开办南开大学，同时经过探索从仿效国外模式到明白教育须与中国实际相结合，再到随着自身成长张伯苓的教育目的有了新的发展和变化，认识到教育使社会进步、要注重理论联系实际、要注意培养学生的现代能力等。
5、第五部分主要围绕20世纪30年代中期，张伯苓把南开的发展、人才的培养同抗击日本侵略、振兴中华及整个世界形势相联系。认为物质可毁，精神之南开永远不会被摧毁这个特点来阐述的。
Abstract: Zhang Boling is our country’s renowned patriotic educationalist, At first he harbored the ideal which the military force saved the nation to enter the Beiyang naval forces, but the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 China's disastrous defeat let him understand his mistake．Zhang Boling chose has stepped onto the lifelong to be engaged in the education the path.
Embraced the ideal which the education saved the nation, Zhang Boling was returning to Tianjin. The Yanguan time is the start of Zhang Boling, has carried on the preliminary exploration in there him to the new style education pattern. Organizes a new style school is the first ideal which Zhang Boling must realize, in carries on the earnest inspection and the study after Japan, in 1904 organized Nankai Middle sch001.The Chinese society long-standing abuse then was quite deep, Zhang Boling the school goal lay in“the pain to rectify the evil of the age, fostered talent to save the nation.”In reality, from starts to imitate Japan, to afterwards imitates US, this time primary water chestnut not yet found suits the Chinese education pattern, the entire school practice also is in the fumble time.
Along with the development and the change, Zhang Boling more and more felt organizes an institute of higher education the importance, in 1919,Nankai University arose at the historic moment, afterwards organized the female neutral elementary school, here, began to take shape from the elementary school to university's Nankai education system. After a period of time school practice and many times after country’s and SO on Europe and America inspections, Zhang Boling realized, the education true goal, lies in“strength of the education, causes China modernization.” The education goal transformation has caused the school policy and the key change directly. This moment, he already realized may not take to the pure imitation and the copy, only then unifies the foreign science theory and China’s actual situation, Call find suits the Chinese national condition the education pattern. Nankai starts to pay great attention to raises student’s modem ability, will pay attention educates and society’s relates progress.
The 20th century 30's later periods, the Nankai education system receives the war and so on a series of destructions. Is destroyed in a moment facing the lifetime painstaking care, Zhang Boling realized “the education was not stands spiritually, but was stands on the material.”So long as the Nankai spirit also in, Nankai School never Call dissipate. After construction Nankai University has become a public university. Facing the complex political context, Zhang Boling already was incapable resists, he was compelled to resign from Nankai principal a duty, from this time on cut off own to spend Nankai University which the life painstaking care organizes.
Generally speaking, Zhang Boling the education thought is progresses unceasingly the development, he complied with the time the development, one consummates own step by step education thought, persisted the raise suits the time request talented person. From beginning to end he all always pays attention to national the development and the progress, needs to adjust own education thought and the practice unceasingly according to the country. Should say his education thought to a great extent impelled the China near modem education enterprise development.
Key words：Zhang Boling; Education thought; practice; evolution; Nankai
（赵玉立专门史专业湖北大学硕士学位论文）