南京国民政府时期教育家办大学研究
摘要：从温家宝总理提出“教育家办学”以来，这一命题己成为全国教育界的一个热点问题。以史为鉴，可以知兴替，南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的经验与教训也许可以给我们一些启示。
战争贯穿南京国民政府整个时期，战争当前，军事为先，以蒋介石为首的南京国民政府虽然重视教育，却没有那么多的时间、金钱和精力来管教育，无形之中为中国的教育者提供了一个相对宽松和自由的改革环境。先进的知识分子们把救亡图存之责任寄予高等教育的发展之上，掀起了教育救国的浪潮，在这种情况下，高校迅速崛起，一大批教育家在极其艰苦的办学条件下，不计个人得失，克服重重危机，为祖国发展培养出许许多多的优秀人才，成为近代中国大学的先驱者，对近代中国大学的发展起了举足轻重的作用。
南京国民政府时期战火纷飞、内外战不断，经济形势虽有所好转，但军费开支浩大，通货膨胀严重，再加上新旧文化、东西文化矛盾冲突的交织，使得教育家办大学面临极大的困难和挑战。教育家们不停地“内修外练”，办学思想不断走向成熟，最终把大学办成一所所有世界影响的“中国的大学”。每一个个体都是独特的，但任何个体都是群体的一分子，不可能脱离群体而存在。个体的集合即是群体，每一个个体都带有群体性，通过分析有代表性的个体，可以总结出群体的特征。虽然梅贻琦、张伯菩、陈裕光的办学之路存在很大差异，如，梅贻琦的目标是“通才”，张伯菩的目标是“允公允能、日新月异”，陈裕光“要拿整个人生作为教育目标”，但从这些差异中不难看出他们之间的共性，即，他们都有明确的办学目标。还有，虽然梅贻琦尊崇的是“教授治校”，张伯苓制定的是“校务公开、责任分担、师生合作”，陈裕光的组织管理方式是“共和”，但从中可以看到，他们都主张民主治校。另外，无论是张伯菩的“土货化”办学方针，还是陈裕光的“三一制”和适合我国国情的改革举措，都反映出他们立足中国实际，以“中”化“西”的办学思路。总之，从梅贻琦的清华大学办学之路（国立大学）、张伯苓的南开大学办学之路（一般私立大学）、陈裕光的金陵大学办学之路（特殊的私立大学：教会大学）中，可以透视到属于教育家群体的特质及教育家办大学的共同特点。即，教育家群体的特质：有远大的教育理想与毕生的教育追求、在长期的教育实践中取得丰硕的教育业绩、有先进的教育理论与重大的创新成果、有深厚的民族精神与广阔的国际视野、有广泛的社会认可度与深远的社会影响；教育家办大学的共同特点：1.心怀历史责任，明确办学目标；2.立足中国实际，以“中”化“西”；3.注重学校“软”、“硬”环境建设；4.民主治校；5.注重基础，办出特色。
通过研究可以引发我们很多思考，宏观层面：为什么在那样一个动荡的历史时期大学却取得如此大的发展？微观层面：为什么南京国民政府时期一个或几个教育家即能成就一所好大学？是什么样的治校方略和办学措施使他们所办的大学影响如此深远？历史不是“故纸堆”，不是“陈年老账”，而是一面镜子，它由过去的素材做成，用于照亮现在与未来，丢掉历史就如同人失去了记忆。南京国民政府时期办大学的教育家们为我们留下了宝贵的治校经验，我们应该以史为鉴，在历史观中，批判地继承与创新，探索更好的大学治校方针与方式，促进大学的发展。
关键词：教育家办大学；南京国民政府时期；教育家群体；教育家个体；大学发展
总结：1、本文的主题部分可以分为5章。第一章，南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的历史背景与思想渊源，介绍与南京国民政府时期教育家办大学密切相关的各种因素、条件、环境等，以便更深刻地理解教育家的治校方针、管理理念、办学特色等。
2、第二章是对南京国民政府时期教育家办大学概述，简要勾勒了南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的总体概况，介绍了教育家在办大学过程中的“内修外练”及教育家办大学的历史阶段。
3、第三章、第四章是本文的重点，这两章分别以群体分析和个案研究的形式详细阐述、分析南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的教育实践与理论建树。第三章，南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的群体特征，从栩栩如生的万千个体中，找出相通性，总结出教育家办大学过程中的相同特征：（1）心环历史责任，明确办学目标；（2）立足中国实际，以“中”化“西”；（3）注重学校“硬”、“软”环境建设；（4）民主治校；（5）注重基础，办出特色。
4、第四章则是南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的个案分析，选择了三个典型个案，分别代表不同类型的三所学校进行了详细、深入的研究，力求更全面真实的还原教育家在办大学过程中的实践情形，以期更准确地理解与学习教育家提出的办学方针、治校方略、管理方式、组织形式等。
5、第五章，南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的历史观照，即对当代大学办学的启示，“史为今用”，研究南京国民政府时期教育家办大学的社会实践与理论建树，就是为了从中总结经验与教训，以便扬其所长，避其所短，有所选择地继承与创新。
Abstract: Since "Premier Wen Jiabao put forward of running schools by Educators", this proposition has become a hot issue in the education sector. Taking history as a mirror, one can know the rise and fall, experience and lessons of the period of Nanjing national government university educators may give us some enlightenment.
The war throughout the entire period of Nanjing national government. During the war, the military first led by Jiang Jieshi, the Nanjing National Government, Although knowing the importance of education, but not so much time, money and energy to education, This inadvertently for Chinese education to provide a relatively reform. The advanced intellectuals put national salvation loose and free environment of education, this caused a wave of education to save the nation. the development of higher In this case, High School expanded rapidly. A large number of educators regardless of personal gain or loss, in extremely difficult conditions, to overcome the crisis, cultivate many talented people for the development of Nation, become a pioneer of modern Chinese University, a decisive role to the development of University in modern China.
The ongoing war during the entire period of Nanjing national government, The economic situation is better, but a massive military expenditure, the serious inflation, coupled with the new and old culture interweave, the university educators face great difficulties and challenges. Educators constantly "internal and external training", School of thought has become mature, Finally the university into influential "Chinese university". Each individual is unique, but any individual is part of a group, each individual cannot be divorced from the group. A collection of individuals or groups, every individual with group characteristics, through the analysis of the representative individuals, can be summed up the characteristics of groups. Although There is a big difference of running school of Mei Yiqi, Zhang Boling, Chen Yuguang ,For example, Mei Yiqi's goal is to "generalist", Zhang Bofing's goal is”Strict Standard and Sufficient Effort, change rapidly," Chen Yuguang "to take the fife as the goal of education", but from these differences is not difficult to see the similarities between them, that is, they have clear goals. Also, although Mei Yiqi respected the "professorial governance", Zhang Boling formulation is the "public school, shared responsibility, cooperation between teachers and students", Chen Yuguang's organizational management mode is "Republic", but from which we can see, they all stand for democracy. In addition, both Zhang Boling's "home" guiding principle, or Chen Yuguang's "Three one system" and the reform initiatives to suit for the situation of our country's ,reflecting their bases on the reality of China, the thought of exchanging the west for China. In short, from Mei Yiqi and the Tsinghua University (National University), Zhang Boling and Nankai University (Private University), Chen Yuguang and Jinling University (special private university: the Church University), we can see the common characteristics of university educators. That is, Common features of educators: The lofty ideal of education and lifelong education pursuit, Fruitful achievements in the long-term education practice, Advanced education theory and the major innovation achievements, The profound national spirit and broad international vision, A wide range of social recognition and profound social influence; The common features of university educators: 1.With the historical responsibility, clarifying the goal; on the basis of China's reality, exchanging the west for China; Pay attention to the environment of the school; democracy; pay attention to the basis, Run a school should
It can cause us a lot of thinking through the research, a turbulent period? Microscopic level: macro level: why achieved so much in can do a good university in the Nanjing national government why one or several period? What kind management strategies make the university so profoundly affected? History is not they have educators of school. A heap of musty old books or papers", not” The dues, but the mirror, which is composed of the past material, it can illuminate the past, now and the future, Lost history as a man lost his memory. We got the valuable management experience from educators in the period of Nanjing national government, We should learn from history, Take a critical look at history, explore a better way of University Management, promote the development of University.
Key words: Run University by educator; the period of Nanjing national government; Educationist group; Educators individual ; University Development
（秦俊巧教育史专业河北大学博士学位论文）