教师之适度宽容试探

丁金花 鞠玉翠

摘 要：宽容是个体的一项重要品质，在学校道德氛围建设中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。而教育场景中教师对宽容的忽视和不解，在潜移默化中对学生的健康发展构成了损害。文章首先厘定了宽容的四个基本要素，即：差异存在，产生否定反应，对干涉意愿的克制以及进一步有所作为。在此基础上将教师的“宽容”问题分为“不宽容”“伪宽容”和“过度宽容”，最后指导教师走向适度的宽容，其内容包括：宽容差异、宽容过错、宽容冒犯。

关键词：宽容；适度；差异；过错；冒犯

总结：1、关于宽容的内涵中西方存在细微差别，共同点是都包含三要素：差异存在、产生对他人的否定和对干涉意愿的克制。教育中的宽容还应加上第四个要素：在克制的基础上进行合理引导。此时消极宽容才变为积极宽容。

2、宽容的教育意义有四个：

①有助于使学生形成尊重他人的态度；

②能够满足师生对宽松教学氛围的需要；

③有助于培养创造性；

④有助于维护学生的身心健康发展。

3、教师的不同的“宽容”问题会引起不同的后果：

①“不宽容”会导致学生的不宽容；

②“伪宽容”会造成宽容“不管用”的假象（“伪宽容”指教师对学生的冷漠）；

③“过度宽容”使学生的错误得不到纠正，反而被强化。

4、教师的三种适度宽容在教育场景中发挥着不同的价值和意义：

①对待差异的宽容是最基本的宽容；

②对待过错的宽容则要求教师有耐心、保持理性、运用智慧；

③对待质疑、反对乃至公然顶撞的宽容，应该成为教师教学中必不可少的倡导。

5、对学校教育而论，我们不能脱离开具体事例空谈宽容，宽容的限度只能在具体问题中得到详细说明。

Initial Investigation on Teachers' Proper Tolerance

DING Jin－hua，JU Yu－cui

Abstract：Tolerance is an important property for individuals and plays an indispensable role in building up ethics in schools．Somehow teachers’ ignorance and misunderstanding towards tolerance has unconsciously hampered students’ healthy development．This article has defined four basic elements for tolerance: different opinions，negative reactions，suppressions against interference and next solid steps． On the basis of the four elements，teachers’ tolerance issues can be classified as non－tolerance，hypo－tolerance and over－tolerance． Finally teachers are guided to tolerate differences，mistakes and offence．

Key words：proper tolerance; difference tolerance; mistake tolerance; offence tolerance

Summary：1. There are subtle differences between the definition of tolerance in China and the Western countries. However, three factors are in common: different opinions，negative reactions，suppressions against interference. Tolerance in education should add to another factor: the next solid steps which make negative tolerance become positive tolerance.

2. The following four are the educational significance of tolerance:

①It helps the students form an respective attitude toward other people;

②It meets both teachers’ and students’ need for a loose teaching atmosphere;

③It can help nurture creativity;

④It helps the students maintain healthy development of physical and mental.

3. Teacher’s different problems on tolerance could cause different consequences:

①Teacher’s non-tolerance could cause the students’ non-tolerance;

②Teacher’s fake tolerance could lead to the false appearance that tolerance doesn’t work;

③Teacher’s over-tolerant could strengthen the students’ mistakes rather than correcting them.

4. Teacher’s three proper tolerance play different roles in education scene:

①Teacher’s tolerating differences is the most basic one;

②Tolerating mistakes calls for the teacher’s patience, rationality and wisdom;

③Tolerating offence should be the must-learn for a teacher in his teaching activities.

5. As for the school education, we can’t talk about tolerance without specific issues. The property measure of tolerance could only be well explained in detailed cases.

文章来源：《基础教育》2013年2月第十卷第1期 搜集&翻译：王燕