卢作孚教育伦理思想研究
摘 要:卢作孚(1893-1952),原名魁先,别名卢思,重庆市合川人,是我国近现代史上著名爱国实业家、教育家、社会活动家,他在教育领域进行了深入的探索,并做出了巨大的贡献。他创办的民生实业公司是中国近现代史上规模最大和最有影响的民营企业团之一,他被誉为“中国船王”。建国初年,被毛泽东誉为四个不能忘记的人之一。卢作孚一生都重视教育,完全把教育融入到了他的整个事业中,他曾经这样评价自己的事业:“自己现在是办实业的,但实际上是一个办教育的,几乎前半身的时间,都花在办教育上,而现在所办的实业,也等于是在办教育,是想把事业中全部工作人员培养起来,提高他们的技术和管理能力。”充分地表达了教育事业才是他一生的追求所在。卢作孚一生开展了形式各样的、广泛的教育实践活动,因此,他的教育伦理思想非常丰富,不仅仅表现为他所倡导的“教育救国”伦理思想、“平民教育”伦理思想,还体现在他在民生公司开展职业教育培训时体现出的“职业教育”伦理思想。
因卢作孚接受的正规教育只到小学毕业,因此他的成长、成才、成功的经历不同于同时期的大多数人,他的教育伦理道德思想自始自终立足于中国的基本国情,因而更具有中国特色价值。他早期是一位单纯的“教育救国”论者,1921年至1925年初,他在西南地区进行两次新教育改革实验,一是在川南开展“新教育”实验,二是创办成都通俗教育馆,实践其“教育救国”和“平民教育”伦理思想但均告失败,让他深深地感到“纷乱的政治不可依凭”,于是在1925年下半年创办了民生航运公司,走上了教育与实业并重的救国之路。卢作孚经营实业期间,努力将公司运营学校化,在职工中深入实践其“职业教育”伦理思想,还以北京为中心、以乡村教育为着手点,大力开展乡村建设实验,努力推动区域现代化,进而希望推动整个国家的现代化。因此,研究卢作孚教育伦理思想具有十分重要的意义。
关键词:卢作孚;教育伦理;当代价值
总 结:通过对卢作孚独特的成长经历和他所处的特殊社会时代经济、政治和文化的分析,归纳和总结其主要的教育实践活动,概括得出了卢作孚的教育伦理思想的主要内容有:“教育救国”伦理思想、“平民教育”伦理思想和“职业教育”伦理思想。卢作孚把爱国、救国作为自己的奋斗目标,不仅深受中国传统文化的影响,还大量地学习和吸收了国外先进的教育思想、教育理论并结合实际,积极投身各种教育实践活动,在此基础上形成的自己的教育伦理思想,具有鲜明的中国特色。在倡导尊重知识、尊重人才,实施“人才强国”、“科技兴国”战略的今天,卢作孚的教育伦理思想对于我们发展现代教育事业、开展教育活动,具有十分重要的参考和借鉴意义。
特别是卢作孚强调教育伦理实践在教育中的作用。从学校讲台到川南新教育实验、创办成都通俗教育馆,再到创办民生实业公司,以北京为中心乡村建设活动等等,卢作孚一直在“教育救国”伦理思想、“平民教育”伦理思想和“职业教育”伦理思想的道路上进行不停地思考和探索,真正实现了“做中学、学中做’的边学边做的理念。他说“我们应一致反对的是空谈,应一致努力的是实践”在教育实践活动中,卢作孚选择教授学生与学习和生活密切相关,且实用性、操作性都很强的知识,要求教师教的和学生学的知识都要切合社会实际,要求教师要教有所获,学生要学以致用。还要求学生在学习课本知识的同时,要坚持多走出校门,多到群众中去,多到实践中去,要广泛联系实际,坚持理论联系实际,要从社会生活中、从实践中学习。
卢作孚还特别重视道德教育,对教师强调师德教育,对学生强调道德品质教育,对职工强调职业道德教育。他说;“今天以后的教师不是仅仅认得字便够了的,还须有丰富的常识,不仅仅是为了吃饭来当教师,还须有教育兴趣,不仅仅是教几句书,还须要教学生种种的行为。“他认为教师要有高尚的师德,要在思想、品德和作风上成为学生的表率,在教育活动的过程中,要潜移默化地影响和用心地培养学生的道德行为,形成健全完善的人格。在民生实业公司进行的职业教育培养中,卢作孚也非常重视对职工进行以“民生精神”为主要内容的职业道德教育,要求民生公司的职工必须要有爱国主义精神,必须要养成热爱集体、服务社会和艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约的品德。卢作孚重视对职工进行职业道德的培养和教育,提高职工的内在修养和品德,这对当今的职业教育具有重要的启示。
Abstract: Lu Zuofu (1893—1952), formerly known as Kui, alias Lu Si, Chongqing Hechuan people, is China's modern history of the famous patriotic industrialist, educator and social activist, he conducted an in-depth exploration in the field of education, and made great contributions to. He founded the industrial company is one of China's largest and most influential modern private enterprise, he was known as "Chinese ship king". The early years, Mao Zedong was praised as one of the four cannot forget the people. Lu Zuofu has devoted all his life to education, fully put education into his whole career, he once summarized his struggling career: "you are the industries note-, but is actually an education, almost before half time, spent in education, and now run by the industry, also is in education. is to put the cause of all staff training, improve their technology and management ability." To fully express the cause of education is his life pursuit. Lu Zuofu had carried out various forms. Extensive education practice, therefore. his thought of educational ethics is very rich, not only for his advocacy of "saving the nation through education" ethics, "civilian education" ethics, but also thought occupation moral education emphasized in his conduct in the livelihood of the people, the occupation education activities.
For formal education Lu Zuofu acceptable only to the primary school graduation, so his growth, development, successful experience is different with the same period of most people, his education ethics thought all along based on China's basic national conditions, so it has the Chinese characteristic value. His early is a simple "saving the nation through education" theory, from 1921 to the beginning of 1925, he was two time new educational reform experiment in the southwest area, one is the "new education” experiment in southern Sichuan, two is the founder of Chengdu popular education center, the practice of "saving the nation through education" and "civilian education" ethics thought, but were unsuccessful, let him feel deeply "tumultuous political cannot rely on", then in the second half of 1925 established the people's livelihood shipping company, on both education and industrial road of national salvation. During Lu Zuofu's operation of industry, the company will strive to run schools, the workers into the "occupation education" ethics practice, also in Beijing as the center, take rural education as a starting point, vigorously develop the rural construction experiment, efforts to promote the regional modernization, and hope to push the modernization of the whole country.
Key words: Lu Zuofu; Contemporary Value; Contemporary Value
(陈雍倩 西南大学硕士研究生学位论文)