教育是使人们合乎伦理的一门艺术
—黑格尔《法哲学原理》中教育伦理思想研究
摘 要:黑格尔在《法哲学原理》中虽然没有长篇大论的专门讨论教育,但却处处流露着使人成为人的教育伦理思想。当然,黑格尔所谈的教育、所谈的解放是一种人的教育、人的解放,是一种“成人”的教育。按照黑格尔的理解,人类虽然自从出生以后就被冠以“人”的称呼,但这时的“人”还仅仅只是一个赤裸裸的动物机体,是一个潜在的人。人并不因为其肉身就证明其为人,要想使人从未确定性和未完成性中解放出来,以实现人的“类”本性,获得人之为人的普遍规定性,就必须依赖于教育。教育是人类实现“再生”的特有方式。因此笔者准备从教育的本质,教育的过程,教育的内容,教育的途径四个方面来探讨黑格尔《法哲学原理》中教育伦理思想。首先,人的本质是自由的、人性是善良的,而自由又存在自在自由和自为自由之分、善良又存在可能善和现实善之分,因而教育的本质就是通过教育能实现自在自由与自为自由的统一、可能善与现实善的统一。其次,从教育的过程来看,教育的过程就是从抽象人格到理想人格的塑造过程;从原初天性转向精神天性的教化过程和从个体善良走向社会善的价值追求过程。再次,黑格尔所论述的教育内容包括理性教育,劳动教育,伦理教育等完整的精神教育内容。最后,论述了教育的途径包括家庭教育,市民社会的教育和国家教育等教育共同体共同完成的教育。当然笔者在论文最后也用了一章的篇幅论述其中的教育伦理思想的历史局限性和当代价值。然而纵观全文,黑格尔的教育伦理思想必将同其辩证法思想一样影响深远。
关键词:自由;理性;教育;伦理
总 结:黑格尔是哲学大师里的大师,他是最庞大体系的构建者,是最艰深理论的创立者。在《法哲学原理》这部主要论述法的本质的著作中,黑格尔深刻认识到了人的理性本质或者说是精神性本质,认识到了教育在主观精神经由客观精神向绝对精神发展中的重要作用。黑格尔通过论述客观精神的自我运动过程,阐释了如何实现人的合理的存在方式,即作为“伦理”的存在。伦理是人的本质规定性,指的是个人意志与普遍意志的统一,个体只有作为伦理实体的成员,才能真正获得自由和解放。黑格尔指出最高的伦理实体就是国家,个人的伦理性体现在成为国家公民,培养公民离不开教育,因此教育是个人精神成长、获得自由的中介。以往,学界对黑格尔法哲学中的教育思想探讨不多,因此,进一步重视和梳理黑格尔《法哲学原理》中教育伦理思想,无论对深化黑格尔哲学研究,还是探讨当今教育与自由的关系问题,都显得十分必要。尤其在全球化、高技术时代的今天,人们的思想逐渐工具理性化,伦理的缺场是一个不争的事实。要构建和谐社会,实质上也就是要构建伦理意义上的社会,其中最主要的是个体心灵与社会的和谐统一,建设人类美好的精神家园和指导人们向善。黑格尔法哲学中的教育伦理思想实质上就是培养人们的理性自由精神和指导人们向善的学问。他关于教育的本质、教育的过程和内容、教育的责任与实施等方面的深刻思想,至今对我们仍有重大的借鉴和指导意义。因而追忆黑格尔《法哲学原理》中教育伦理思想,探究其教育伦理思想的局限性和当代价值,对于我们这些后来者来说,不仅有一种神圣的使命感和责任感,而且也应当有一种超越的幸福感和自豪感。《法哲学原理》中的教育伦理思想可谓博大精深,因此,对它的教育伦理思想的探讨是一项长期而又复杂的系统研究工程。相信随着对《法哲学原理》中教育伦理思想研究的不断深入,肯定仍有一些未知的思想、内容等待后人继续挖掘、改造和升华。由于本人能力有限,只能在以后的学习研究中进一步探讨。
Abstract: Although there is no lengthy devoted to education, but signs pointing that makes the people Educational Ethics in the “Philosophy of Right”. Of course, Hegel is talking about education; to talk about the liberation of a person's education, and human liberation, a kind of "adult education". According to Hegel's understanding, human beings since after the birth was dubbed the "people" call,But when the "people" is just a naked animal body is a potential person. People do not because its flesh to prove in order to never make uncertainty and the unfinished nature of liberation, in order to achieve the "class" nature of the people, the human person and the general provisions of the man, must rely on education. Education is a unique way for mankind to achieve the "rebirth". So I prepared to explore the ethical thought of Hegel's Philosophy of Right "in education from the four aspects of the essence of education, the education process, the content of education, through education‑ First, the nature of human freedom,human nature is good, Free and comfortable freedom and since the points of the free, kind and there may be good and real good points
Thus the essence of education is through education to achieve the comfortable freedom and the self, may be good for the unity of freedom and the reality of good unified. Secondly, the view from the education process, the process of education is a person from the abstract to the ideal personality molding process; Steering from the original nature of the process of enlightenment of the spirit of nature and the social good from the individual good to the pursuit of value process. Again, Hegel discussed the content of education, including the full spirit of rational education, labor education, ethics education, educational content. Finally, it discusses the way of education, including family education, civil society, education and national education and the educational community together to complete the education. Of course the author at the end of the paper also used a chapter discusses the historical limitations and contemporary value of ethical thinking in education. However Throughout the full text of Hegel's Educational Ethics is bound to be thinking with their dialectics far-reaching impact.
Key words: freedom; reason; education; ethics
(陈有英 南京师范大学硕士研究生学位论文)