高等教育伦理精神探析

摘  要：教育是一种培养人的活动，是社会为了得以延续而进行的一种自我发展性的活动，是社会生活中长辈为了下一代的幸福而献的一种爱心。教育本身是责任和爱的象征，所以，教育在其本性上是“道德的”。然而，处于社会转型期的中国高等教育却面临着诸多的伦理道德困境，也引起了越来越多的人的关注，可见，对当代中国高等教育进行系统的伦理分析是必须和必要的。本文在结合伦理学、教育学、教育病理学、社会学等学科研究的基础上，从分析当代中国高等教育面临的道德困境与挑战入手，采用了解释学、文献研究法、比较法、历史分析法等研究方法，一方面从纵向上阐述了伦理道德发展的历史性，另一方面在横向上，从教育伦理学的三个核心范畴:人道、理性、公正出发分析了当代中国高等教育的道德现状，为处于社会和道德转型期的高等教育明确发展方向，寻找提高其道德性的途径。本文分为五个部分:

第一部分是前言，笔者从分析高等教育伦理学研究的必然性和必要性入手，介绍了本课题研究的理论意义和现实意义，并着重总结了国内外有关本课题的研究动态，做出了较全面详细的研究综述。

第二部分:教育道德性的历史发展。依照马克思主义关于人的存在方式的划分，从历史的角度考察了教育伦理思想发展的阶段性特征，即:对人的依赖和奴仆式教育;对物的依赖和商品化教育;人的独立性存在和个性化教育三个阶段，并分别进行了深入的分析。

第三部分论述了当代中国高等教育所面临的道德挑战，结合实际，主要包括市场经济道德及社会的不平衡发展对高等教育提出的道德挑战。

第四部分是本文的重点，着重从人道、理性、公正这三个高等教育道德性的核心伦理范畴出发，结合国内外有关理论，深入地对当代中国高等教育的伦理问题进行了分析，并阐述了自己的观点。

第五部分是结语，对本文的着眼点进行了进一步说明。

关键词：高等教育；伦理道德；人道；理性；公正

总  结：“伦理学问题关涉道德，关涉风尚，关涉有道德‘价值’的东西，关涉被视为人的行为的‘准则’和‘规范’的东西;最后，或者用一个最古老最朴实的字眼:善。”因此，研究高等教育伦理精神其实就是研究高等教育中的“善”。“善”是一个古老而又总是与人类相伴随的问题，我们都追求着它，然而却又始终无法真正达到“至善”的境界，甚至于“什么是善?怎样达到至善?”这些问题都始终没有弄清楚。笔者在本文中也仍然没有弄清楚高等教育的“善”究竟是什么?但却反其到而行，一直不停的在说明哪些是“不善”的?因为我认为，知道了什么是“不善”的，虽然不能说就达到了“至善”的境界，但起码不会损害高等教育“善”的本质。于是，对高等教育中出现的不人道、非理性、不公正的现象和事实的揭露以及批判成为了本论文的重点。

    教育的本质是追求和谐的，是追求人的全面发展的，使人得到和谐与平衡发展的理念，在教育史上源远流长，亚里士多德、维多利若、蒙田、夸美纽斯、卢梭等都针对人和谐发展提出了自己的思想，而马克思主义对人的全面发展有更多更深的论述，并把人的和谐全面发展作为了教育的最高理想。但处在市场经济大潮中的高等教育，不可能脱离社会而单独发展，而高等教育伦理道德的断裂和失衡就是为现实所付出的道德代价。

Abstract: Education is a kind of activity of training people and self-development for the continuation of the society. It is a kind of love dedicated by elders for the sake of the next generation's happiness. Education itself is a symbol of love and responsibility, therefore the nature of it is "morality". However, Chinese higher education, in a period of social transition and facing a lot of ethical dilemma, holds more and more researchers' attention as well. It is necessary and essential to conduct a systematic ethical analysis to the higher education in present China. We start with the analysis of ethical dilemma and challenge of higher education in present china in the light of analyses such as ethics, education, education pathology and sociology. We adopt the methods of interpretation analysis, literature analysis, comparative analysis, history analysis, etc. On the one hand, we elaborate the historical development of ethic and morality vertically; on the other hand, we analyze the status of the higher education in present china horizontally from three core range of educational ethnics, naming; humanism, rationality and justice. It is hoped that this paper nails down the direction of development of higher education which existing on a transition period of society and morality and seek for the way of enhancing its moral way.

    This paper is divided into five parts: the first part is introduction. We introduce the theoretical and practical significance of this paper through analyzing the inevitability and necessity of the ethical research in higher education. We emphasize on the relative researches both at home and abroad and make a detailed study of them.

    Part two is the historical development of moral education. In accordance with Marxism on the division of human existence, we investigate the stage characteristics of the development of education ethical mentality from historical perspective, that is dependence to human and slave education; dependence to substance and the commercialization of education; the independent existence of human, and three stages of individuation education. We conduct deep analysis respectively.

    In the third part we discuss the ethical challenge faced by higher education in present China. In the light of actual conditions, this part mainly includes the moral challenge of higher education caused by market economy and social imbalance.

    Part four is the key of this paper, focusing on three main ethic categories of morality in high education containing humanism, rationality, and justice. Integrating the relative theory abroad, we analyze the ethical issues of higher education in preset China completely; meanwhile we expound our point of view.

    Part five is the conclusion, and makes a further explanation for the main topic in the present study.

Key words: Higher education; Ethic and morality; Humanism; Justice

（陈华仔  湖南师范大学硕士研究生学位论文）