当代中国的教育伦理困境及其化解
摘 要:百年大计,教育为本。作为一名有着十一年基层教学经历的伦理学研究者,如何用伦理道德的视角来审视教育活动、规范教育活动,使教育这一人的实践领域能够最大限度地反映出人的道德本性,摒弃和避免种种教育暴力、腐败和悲剧,更好地为人的白由全面发展服务。是我竭力追求的崇高目标。
我的思考根植于中国当代现实的教育实践活动,力求解决以下问题:中国当代教育到底出现了什么问题?当代中国教育的问题是否集中体现在教育伦理精神的缺失上?如果是,那么当代中国教育的伦理困境具体表现在哪些方面?导致当代教育陷入伦理困境的深层根源又是什么?我们又该如何走出当代中国教育的伦理困境?
因而,在借鉴以往学者有关教育伦理研究成果的基础上,我立足于当代中国的教育现实,从伦理学的视角对当代中国教育现状进行审视,把培养全面自由发展的人当作教育发展的终极目标,以教育公平、教育人道、教育白由作为衡量教育是否具有伦理精神的三个维度,并提出改变当代中国教育现实状况的建议和思路,指出要使当代中国教育在符合伦理精神的前提下更好地发展,走出当代中国教育的伦理困境,教育伦理研究者就必须不能只做一个书房里的理论家,而是应该把理论构建和创新落实到教育者的教育实践上,指明教育者应该在当下的教育伦理困境中进行抗争,即当下的教育者应该具有稳固的教育伦理立场、坚定地教育伦理信念、执著地教育伦理追求、无畏的教育伦理勇气、义不容辞的教育伦理使命担当,最重要的是不计个人功利,一切以学生的白由全面发展和教育的长远大计着想地符合伦理精神地扎扎实实的教育实践。全文共分六部分:
第一章“绪论”部分阐述了本文的选题缘由和意义,概述了国内外研究现状,阐明了本研究的特色与创新之处。
第二章主要从用伦理学的视角对当代中国教育现实进行审视,以揭示教育伦理问题的严重性。并对教育和伦理的关系进行了历史的分析。
第三章主要分析了当代中国教育的三个伦理困境:公正困境、人道困境、白由困境。并详细列举了各种教育伦理困境的具体表现。
第四章着重从教育目标层面、教育制度层面和教育理念层面深入分析了导致当代中国教育陷入伦理困境的深层根源。
第五章主要阐述了教育所应有的伦理诉求,即教育伦理的三个维度:教育公正、教育人道、教育自由。
第六章主要阐述在当代中国的教育大环境之下,教育者如何最大限度的发挥自己的作用,使中国的教育逐渐走出伦理困境的具体思路,即在当代教育伦理困境之下教育者所应具有的伦理表现。
关键词:伦理困境;教育公正;教育人道;教育自由;道德使命
总 结:教育与道德是一对孪生兄弟,在一般意义上讲,教育即是对道德的自觉追求;在终极意义讲上,教育即道德。这无疑是被中外教育史所证明和必将继续证明的教育真谛。笔者作为一个在教育一线工作了十一年的基层教师,对于在当代中国教育现实中存在的一系列问题是看在眼里,痛在心里。当代中国教育实践中违背伦理道德原则的现象触目即是,作为一名有着十一年教育工作经历的伦理学研究生,如何“用人的道德本质来审视教育活动、规范教育活动,使教育这一人的实践领域能够最大限度地反映出人的良性,摒弃和避免种种教育暴力、腐败和悲剧,达到最还好地为人的发展服务的目的。是自己义不容辞的责任。
因而我的研究在借鉴以往学者有关教育伦理研究成果的基础上,立足于当代中国的教育现实,从伦理学的视角对当代中国教育现状进行审视,把培养全面自由发展的人当作教育发展的终极目标,以教育公平、教育人道、教育自由作为衡量教育是否具有伦理精神的三个维度,并提出改变当代中国教育现实状况的建议和思路,指出要使当代中国教育在符合伦理精神的前提下更好地发展,走出当代中国教育的伦理困境,教育伦理研究者就必须不仅仅是做一个书房里的理论家,而是应该把理论构建和创新落实到教育者的教育实践上,指明教育者应该在当下的教育伦理困境中进行抗争,即当下的教育者应该具有稳固的教育伦理立场、坚定地教育伦理信念、执着地教育伦理追求,无畏的教育伦理勇气,义不容辞的教育伦理使命担当,最重要的是不计个人功利,一切以学生的自由全面发展和教育的长远大计着想地符合伦理精神地扎扎实实的教育实践。从而最终落实以人为本的科学教育观。
本研究的创新之处就在于首次提出了教育自由,教育人道,教育公平是衡量教育实践活动的三个伦理维度,使对教育伦理的研究走向立体化、全面化,从而弥补了以往教育伦理研究单从教育公正或其它的单一维度来研究的简单性和片面性。这种三维立体的角度可以涵盖教育伦理的宏观和微观层面,于是就实现了一种简约而有效的理论构建模式。而我的研究的脚步又不仅仅停留在此,我的研究又指出在当下中国的教育伦理困境中教育者所应该担负的伦理道德使命和应该具有的伦理道德品性。呼吁广大教育者要从自身所从事的教育教学实践入手,把理论真正落实到改变世界上,从而发挥应用伦理学所应有的应用品格。正如马克思所说:“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界,而问题在于改变世界。”
当然,教育伦理问题涉及到的方面还很多,而如何走出中国当代的教育伦理困境,这也不是一朝一夕的事情,它牵扯到了教育制度的问题,教育观念的问题,教师职业伦理道德素养的问题,改变中国当代教育现实的不良状况,是一个系统的工程,但与之有着最直接、最紧密的联系的,无疑是我们所有的教育工作者。我们每一个有良知和社会使命担当的教育工作者,要在教育制度还没有彻底的改观之前,在人们陈旧的教育观念还没有彻底更新之前,不能怨天尤人,无所作为,而是要通过自身的伦理良知和使命承担,在刚性的不健全的教育制度之下,为学生撑起一片被伦理道德气息浸润的蓝天,以使他们能公平、人道、自由的成长,这样,中国教育才会有未来和希望。
Abstract: Education is the basis of our long-term strategy. Being a researcher of Ethics Studies with 11 years' teaching experience at grass-roots level, I strive for the following lofty goal. Examine and standardize the educational activities from the perspective of ethics, so that education-a practice of human beings-can fullest reflect the moral nature of human beings, eliminate and avoid all kinds of educational violence, corruption and tragedy, and better serve the free and all-round development of humans.
With my thought being rooted in the reality of contemporary Chinese education practice, I am trying to address the following questions: What on earth have gone wrong with our contemporary education? Do these problems present themselves mainly in the lack of ethics on education? If so, in which specific aspects does the plight of Chinese education manifest? What's the deepest root for these difficulties? How can we get out of this ethical plight of contemporary Chinese education?
Thus, based on the reality of contemporary Chinese education, 1 draw on the research fruits of preceding scholars who are devoted to ethical education so as to examine the current situation of Chinese education from the perspective of ethics, set the cultivation of a free and all-round human being as our ultimate goal measure whether the spirit make the fair, humane and free education as the three dimensions to of ethic is embodied in our education practice. In addition, I'd like to make some humble proposals and reflection concerning the improvement of the status quo of Chinese education. As far as my observation is concerned, in order to boost the development of our education in line with ethical spirit and get out of the ethical dilemma of contemporary education, it is necessary that our researchers of Ethics Studies do not confine themselves to theories, instead, they should put their studies of academic construction and innovation into practice. What's more, they also have the responsibility to guide our educators to fight against all odds to lift the current education from the ethical plight. To this regard, present educators should have a solid stance, firm conviction, persistent pursuit, unyielding courage and duty-bound responsibility on ethical education. In particular, they should pay no attention to personal gains and interest and carry out educational practice spurred by the ethical spirit of putting the free and all-round development of students first and bearing the long-term educational strategy in mind.
The whole text is divided into six parts:
Chapter I, the "Introduction" section of this article sets out the reasons and significance of my topics, provides an overview of current research at home and abroad to clarify the characteristics and innovation of my research.
Chapter II mainly deals with the examination of the reality of contemporary Chinese education from the perspective of ethics in order to reveal the seriousness of the problem of ethical education. In addition, this chapter also conducts a historical analysis of the relationship between education and ethics.
Chapter III consists mainly of an analysis of three ethical dilemmas in contemporary Chinese education: just, humane and free dilemmas. And a variety of detailed manifestations of these ethical dilemmas are also presented.
Chapter IV focuses on the analysis of the underlying causes of this ethical plight from the facets of educational aims, educational level and educational philosophy.
Chapter V focuses on the ethical demands that education should have, namely the three dimensions of the ethical education: educational fairness, humanity and freedom.
Chapter VI focuses on the probe that under the contemporary Chinese educational environment, how our educators bring their role into full play. Besides, some specific ideas to guide the education out of the dilemma are also provided, namely the ethical performance educators should acquire.
Key words: ethical Dilemma; educational freedom; educational fairness; educational humanity; moral mission
(刘强锁 陕西师范大学硕士研究生学位论文)