师道与师德合一：构建教师专业伦理制度的理性探索
摘 要：作为教师专业发展标准中唯一的制度标准，教师伦理规范己引起学界的广泛关注，己成为教师专业发展进程中国内外学者竞相研究的重点问题之一。 对教师伦理规范的研究分为两个维度:一个是制度伦理，就是制度蕴涵的伦理价值和道德原则等。它是对教师制度建设的道德关注，也指制度的合道德性，就是对制度的伦理评价，偏重于以特定的道德要求和伦理原则为依据的制度设立，以及人们对伦理评价的正当性和合理性，从这两个方面来考察制度伦理的内容。制度伦理，从广义上来讲，是指对社会性组织的规范体系和运行机制的伦理要求和反思，即对社会组织制度化、规范化的伦理的思考与建构。而从狭义来看，则是指对社会性正式组织为主体的规范体系和运行机制的内在联系的伦理思考和要求。另一个是伦理制度，也称“伦理性的制度”，既包含制度的合乎伦理的道德性，又包含人们把一定的道德要求和社会伦理原则提升并规定为制度。它凝结了制度评价和道德实现两个问题，是人们从制度系统中汲取的道德观念和伦理意识与制度伦理化和伦理制度化两个方面双向互动的有机统一。本文将教师伦理规范的研究界定为第二种含义，即以教师伦理规范作为教师专业的制度性实在之本质为出发点，围绕对教师伦理规范的“规范性”特征和建构要求展开研究。这就决定了本文的基本研究范围和研究主题。
教育的对象是人，教育的目的在于引领人们追求美好的社会生活，所以整个教育过程自始至终都蕴含着一定的价值取舍，其中教师是一个很重要的因素。积极的教师智慧使人朝向正直，如若不然，教师言行失范则可能导致害人害己的至深后果。何以建立一个良善的伦理规范以约束教师的合理道德价值，并实现教师典范作用就是本研究的基本目的。围绕这一目的，本文凭借三个理论论据对教师伦理规范进行追根溯源:一是“他山之石”，借助制度经济学中对制度研究的成果来探讨教育制度中教师伦理规范的存在问题。这是一种“移植”方式，提出作为“伦理制度”的教师专业伦理规范，本身就是制度的一种，并不是制度化了的(道德)伦理。这一路径解决的是教师专业伦理规范在制度体系中的定位问题。第二个理论论据是“一脉相承”，传承中国古代“礼”的遗风，回顾其在我国规范发展过程中“礼”的制度性特征，以及“法”“礼”有别、引“礼”入“法”等优秀文化传统，以此启发现代教师制度体系建设的思路。这一路径解决的是教师专业伦理规范的归属问题。第三个理论论据是“正本清源”，通过与教育行政法律规范及其它行政制度的比较，辨析属于道德立法的教师专业伦理规范不能由行政法规取代的制度属性，厘清教师专业伦理规范的伦理制度特征。这一路径解决的是教师专业伦理规范的本质问题。这一“本质”与前面的“定位”和“归属”一起，合力解答了教师专业伦理规范究竟“是什么”这一基本问题。
关键词：教师；师道；师德；专业伦理规范；伦理制度
总 结：首先，教师伦理规范是教师专业发展的必然。人性不仅需要法规的约束，更需要伦理制度的规约。当前教师道德的滑坡、行为的失范、形象的褪色等问题的出现，引发教师群体对职业威望的思虑以及教师个体对自身职责的思考，反思的结果是:无论是追随教师行业发展的脚踪、探究教师角色变化的规律，还是追求自身精神价值，都会聚焦到教师专业伦理规范建设的问题上来。
其次，教师伦理规范是教师内在自律的道德法则。教师成为自身的法则建立者，这一点才是教师规范性的来源。教师伦理规范作为一种道德要求或命令，是由道德行为者自身，即教师自己提出来的，是出于自身的理性和情感，是一种内在规范。这种道德要求需要教师理性的自我意识以及坚定的职业信念提出并实施。教师对于自身行动的自我意识反思的能力，赋予他们对自身的权威，正是这种权威给予道德要求以规范性。
最后，教师伦理规范是师道与师德合一的结果。教师伦理制度建设不能脱离教师的人格特点，而作为伦理制度的制定与运行同样应当贯彻“人”的标准。具体来说，教师伦理规范应该既具有教师内在的精神价值追求，也应该赋予合理的外在形式。前者是重宣扬师道，后者是蓄善为“德”，最终实现师道与师德合一，是教师伦理规范制度建设的根本路径。因为“师道”是一种人格的、愿望的“自然”道德，是教师的精神价值的追求;而“师德”则是关于教师职业活动与专业行为本身的规范，属于教师“约定”的“义务”的道德，是教师的行为准则。二者通达现代教师道德生活的两条路径—道德与规范、自然与约成，互相并行，相互给力，合而为一，有助于教师个体“秀外慧中”，促进教师群体专业发展。
Abstract: As the only standard of teachers' professional development standards, teachers' ethical norm has attracted wide attention from the academic circle, which has become one of the key issues that is competed to study by scholars at home and abroad in the process of teachers' professional development.
The research on the teachers' ethical norm is divided into two dimensions: Firstly, system ethics is the ethical value and ethical principles in the system, namely ``systematic ethics". It is the ethical concerns for the teachers' constitution construction and refers to the morality of system, which is the ethical evaluation of the system，and also overweight the following two aspects to examine the content of the system ethics: One is the special ethical principles, ethical requirements that setting up institutions must obey: the other is people's ethical evaluation of system. The system ethics is the ethical thinking and requirements for the inner connection between standard system of social formal organization and operational mechanism. Secondly, the ethics system is "ethical system" which not only includes a system of ethical and moral nature, but also contains a certain social ethical principles and moral demands; it condenses the two problems .the evaluation of system and moral achievement ;and also it contains moral values and ethical awareness which is learned from the institutional system and the system coming from certain social ethical principles and improvement of moral demands, namely the organic unity of mutual interaction of ethical of systems and systemization of the ethics. In this paper, teachers' code of ethics is defined as the second meaning, that is, the essence of teachers' professional system as a starting point. The normative characteristics of teachers' ethical norms and the required description of construct are studied. This determines the scope and theme of this paper.
The object of education is mankind; the purpose of education is to lead the youth to pursue human future. Educational process itself contains the choice of value: the positive wisdom of teachers make human become righteous. or the anomie of teachers' words and deeds could result in serious harm to themselves and others. How to build a good ethical norm to constrain the reasonable moral value of professional teachers and realize teachers' exemplary model is the ultimate goal of this study. Around this purpose, the article has explored the root of teachers' ethical code from the three theoretical routes: One is "By other's fault, wise men correct their own" that means exploring the problems of teachers' ethical code with the help of the enthusiasm and achievements of the institutional research in institutional economics. This is an approach of "transplantation'', teachers' professional ethics code as one "ethical system" was not institutionalized (moral) ethics but a system itself. This path is to solve the positioning problem of teachers' professional ethics code in the institutional system. The second theoretical path is "Come down in a continuous line", inheriting the legacy of the ancient Chinese ``courtesy" and reviewing the excellent cultural traditions in the process of developing our country's specification, such as institutional features of ``courtesy" and leading "courtesy" into "dharma", and also inspiring the construction of modern teachers' institutional system. The path is to solve the attribution of teachers' professional code of ethics. The third theoretical path is "Clarify matters and get to the bottom of things''. By comparison with the legal norms of the educational administration and other administrative systems, it analyzes the system properties that teachers' professional ethics code of the moral legislation cannot be replaced by administrative regulations and clarifies the characteristics of the ethical system of teachers' professional code of ethics. This path is to resolve the nature of the problem of teachers' professional ethics code. The "nature" works with the former "position'' and "attribution'' to answer the basic question that what teachers' professional ethics code is.
Key words: teachers; teachers" ethics; teachers' morality; ethical norm; ethical institutionalization
（沈睿 陕西师范大学硕士研究生学位论文）