校长领导行为研究
——运用 MLQ问卷对山东省普通高中校长的调查分析
摘要：校长作为学校的管理者和领导者，是落实国家教育改革方针的实践者，也是学校教育改革的先行者。校长的领导素质、领导价值观及领导水平的高低直接决定着学校办学水平的高低，进而决定着教育改革能否顺利推行，但最终要体现在校长的领导行为上。校长领导行为研究是教育管理学的一个重要理论问题，目前，国外和我国港台地区在这方面已经取得了许多研究成果，但大陆这方面的专门研究还不多，即便有也更多的是一种理论思辨，关注校长领导行为的“应然”状态，而忽视“实然”研究，实证研究很少。
变革型领导理论作为一种新的领导理论，非常适用于当前这种充满变革和不确定性的社会和教育环境。本研究运用该理论的多因素领导问卷（MLQ），采用分层随机取样法，对山东省部分城市的 119 名普通高中校长进行了调查。通过分析，试图为校长们管理学校提供一些有价值的启示和建议。
论文共分为六部分。第一部分：引言。首先介绍了本研究提出的原因，分别从校长领导行为研究实践与理论价值、变革型领导理论的独特魅力以及基于本文研究方法和研究对象上的特殊考虑来论述的；其次阐述了研究的意义、思路和主要方法；最后对文中的相关概念进行了界定。
第二部分：研究综述。首先从国内外对校长领导行为研究入手，通过历史的线索对这方面资料进行了梳理和分析；其次重点介绍本文多因素领导问卷所赖以支撑的理论基础——变革型领导理论的相关问题。
第三部分：介绍了本文的研究对象、调查工具及研究的步骤和方法。
第四部分：通过呈现和分析调查数据，总结出本文的调查研究结论。即：从总体样本上看，山东省普通高中校长仍然是更多的使用交易性手段进行管理，变革性程度还不是很高；根据不同的变量如学校所在区域、学校规格、性别、年龄、教龄、任正职年限及受培训次数，校长领导行为有着显著差异。
第五部分：针对调查的结论，本文通过理论内涵的分析，在实践理性的基础上，给校长工作提供几点建议：第一，校长为学校的长远发展实施愿景领导；第二，校长通过给教师授权，以正确发挥和使用自身权力；第三，校长通过转变组织职能，加强对教师的激励和关怀；第四，校长应不断提高自身素质，促进校长的专业发展；第五，校长实践中仍需交易型领导作补充。
第六部分：作为本文的最后部分，是笔者在写作的过程中从研究价值取向、研究范式、研究视角及研究的理论基础上对本文的反思和自我批判，正所谓“破即是立”，最后对后继研究者提出使研究更加完善的建议。
实现美好的教育理想是需要学校校长去推动和组织的，对于校长领导行为的研究，不仅仅是关乎校长个人的事情，更多的是关系到教育改革的成功、教育思想的实践以及教育理想的实现。笔者怀揣着真诚和良知从事这项研究，只希望本文的研究能成为“引玉之砖”，以引起更多人的关注。
关键词：校长；领导行为；普通高中；变革型领导；交易型领导
Abstract: As the manager and leader of a school, the principal is not only a practicer to carry out the policy of the educational reform, but also a forthgoer of educational reform in school. The ability and value tropism play an important role in the management of a school, which has a deep influence in the educational reform. But all of those are embodied in the leadership behavior. As an important theoretical problem, much achievement has been acquired abroad and in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but in the mainland of China, the professional research is not fruitful and gives too much attention to superorganic theoretical considering, which emphasizes value tropism and ignores factual research.
As a new leadership theory, transformational leadership theory is very suitable for the social and educational circumstances full of change and uncertainty. Using the multi-factor leadership questionnaire and the sampling method of delamination and random, the author carries out a research to 119 principals of senior middle schools. Through analyzing the data the author tries to offer some valuable suggestion for the principals.
This article is divided into six parts. In the first part (introduction), the author firstly dissertates the reasons choosing this title, which includes the practical and theoretical value of research of principal leadership behavior, the special fascination of transformational leadership theory and some special purpose based on research method and research object in this dissertation. Then the meaning, the line of thought and main research method are explicated. Finally, the author defines the relevant concept.
In the second part (research summary), the author summarizes and analyzes the relevant study on the leadership behavior of principals in and abroad. Then the author introduces the transformational leadership theory on which multi-factor leadership questionnaire is based.
In the third part, the author explains some problem about this research, such as research object, research tool, research approach and method.
In the fourth part, the author makes some conclusions through presenting and analyzing the research data. The main conclusions include: transactional leadership behavior is preferred more than transformational leadership behavior for the principals of senior middle schools in Shandong province. The leadership behavior has prominent difference according to different variables such as school location and standard, gender, age, school age, years with principalship, training times etc.
In the fifth part, the author bring forward some suggestion based on the research conclusion: first, the principal should lead the school through the shared vision for its long-term development; second, the principal should make right use of his own power by empowering the teachers; third, the principal should encourage and care for the teachers through change the organizational function; fourth, the principal should improve his or her own professional development by elevating quality; fifth, the principal need transactional leadership approach as a complement.
In the last part, the author rethinks and self-animadverts on the research from value tropism, research paradigm, research perspective and the theory base. At last, some better suggestions are offered for the subsequent researchers.
The principals must make efforts to realize the beautiful educational ideal, which is not only related to the personal benefit of principal, but also influences the success of educational reform, the practice of educational thought and achievement of educational ideal. The author disserted with empressement and conscience, which is to attract more people’s attention and engage in this aspect research.
Keywords: principal; leadership behavior; senior middle school; transformational leadership; transactional leadership
（张涛 教育经济与管理专业 山东师范大学硕士学位论文 2005年4月）