摘要：本文首先对当前中小学学校管理思想进行了梳理，从文化的角度将众多理论流派大体归并为三类:以科学主义为导向的“科学管理理论”，以人文主义为导向的“行为科学”理论，以伦理主义为导向的“人伦管理理论”，扼要介绍了各自的理论来源和主要特点;详细剖析了它们共同存在的理论局限性;客观地指出了其产生的消极影响。关于局限性，作者明确指出其表现的三个主要方面:一是追求同一性、确定性、和谐性的价值、文化一元论;二是将教育管理和权力绝对化的管理主义倾向;三是移植企业管理理论所造成的对教育教学过程特殊性的漠视。关于消极影响，主要是直接导致了学校管理研究的贫乏、学校管理方法手段的异化和基础教育课程改革实施的受阻。

    文章接着为中小学学校管理思想寻找了新的理论视角，指出普遍主义的底线伦理学能划定学校管理行为的最低限度和起码要求，防止管理行为对个人自由和个人权利的侵犯，从而给管理行为规定了可为和不可为的界限。另外，罗尔斯政治自由主义理论中的多元事实、社会整合、公共理性、重叠共识等理念给中小学学校管理的现实前提、管理目的、管理方式等都提供了富有指导意义的启示。

    最后，文章建议了在新理论视角下中小学学校管理改革可能采取的措施，如:学期课时弹性制，教学场所开放制;确定教师一专业化制度，建立选择性学习的学生管理制度;解除信息禁区，拓展信息渠道，扩大信息容量，提高信息质量等等。

    关键词:学校管理、管理思想、管理改革、底线伦理、政治自由主义

Abstract:The thesis first cards the current thought of school management in primary and middle schools and from the cultural angle divides the various theories into three kinds: "the theory of scientific management" with the guidance of scientism, the theory of "behavioral science" with the  guidance  of  humanism  and  the  "theory  of  human  relation management" with the guidance of ethicism. It briefly introduces their theoretic resources and main features respectively, analyses in detail their theoretic limitations and objectively points out their negative influence. In terms of limitations, the author clearly points out three main manifestations: monism of value and culture pursuing identity, certainty and harmony, the trend of administratism making educational management and rights absolute and ignorance of the particularity of educational process because of transplanting business management theories. The negative influence is that they directly lead to the poverty of school management researches, the alienation of school management being  hindered  of  the  implementation  of  elementary  education curriculum reform.

      Then  the  thesis  finds  a  new  theoretic  resource  for  school management thought in primary and middle schools. It points out that the base ethics of universalism can delimit the lowest limit and the minimum requirement of school management behaviour and prevent any infringement  of  individual  freedom  and  rights,  thus  stipulate  a demarcation line between what can be done and what can not be done for management behaviour, Meanwhile, ideas such as fact of pluralism, social cooperation, public reason and overlapping common knowledge

in John 1Zaw1's theory of political  liberalism provides  instructive enlightenment  for  practical  premise,  management  purpose  andmanagement means of school  management in primary and middle schools.

    Finally, it puts forward some concrete measures concerning school management reform in primary and middle schools with the instruction of the new theoretic resource. For example: making class hours flexible and teaching places open; defining teachers professionlization system and setting up student management system of selective study; removing information restricted zones, opening up information channels, enlarging information capacity and improving information quality.

    Key   words: school management; management thought; management reform; base ethics; political liberalism.

(吴本连 教育管理专业 湖南师范大学硕士研究生学位论文 2003年4月)