—“弱化”班主任在班级管理中作用的研究

摘要：班级管理是指班主任、科任教师、学生等与班级有关的人员共同处理班级事务，形成班级的共同目标、正确的集体舆论，建立完善的组织结构、合理的规章制度，提供良好的学习环境与条件，以促进教育目标达成的一系列活动。班主任在中学班级管理中究竟能够起到什么样的作用?实际上起着什么样的作用?应该起到什么样的作用?对于这些问题的不同理解，可能采取的应对策略至少有三种:一是“强化”说。即加强班主任在班级管理中的作用，赋予班主任更多管理学生的权利与责任，充分发挥班主任的作用。该观点由于过于“强化”班主任的功能，而忽视了其它相关人员的作用，这就导致班级管理中出现了一系列的问题，如班主任的负担过重、班级管理的方式不完善、班级管理的效果难以令人满意等。二是“取消”说。既然班主任班级管理存在许多难以解决的问题，取消班主任也可视为一种解决的办法。三是“弱化”说。即适当削弱班主任在班级管理中的作用，将班级管理的主要权利与责任交给学生，让学生充当班级管理的主人，充分发挥学生的作用。然而，第一种策略会阻碍学生自主管理意识的形成、自主管理能力的发展、自主管理品质的培养，不利于学生的全面发展和可持续发展。而来自现实的调查与访谈的结果则表明，第二种策略受到大多数学校领导、班主任、科任教师、家长、学生的反对，这说明至少在目前状况下班主任在班级管理中的作用是不可或缺的，不能取消班主任。由此看来，上述两种截然相反的观点各有其自身难以克服的不足。有鉴于此，第三种策略，即“弱化”班主任在班级管理中的作用，通过这种方法来促进学生自主管理能力的发展并最终实现学生的自主管理，不失为一种明智而现实的选择。

    “弱化”班主任在班级管理中的作用不是凭空产生的，而是在对班主任班级管理的历史进行回顾以及对班主任班级管理的现状进行调查的基础上提出来的，它是班级管理的一种理想模式，有着较为深厚的理论基础和实践基础。在理论上，组织理论、系统理论等为“弱化”班主任在班级管理中的作用提供了充分的依据;在实践上，中学生的情感发展特征、意志发展特征、自我意识发展特征为顺利实施学生自主管理提供了充分的支持。此外，我国民主政治的不断推进、科学技术的不断发展、教育理念的不断完善、教师的“减负”与学生的“解放”为“弱化”班主任在班级管理中的作用，实施学生自主管理提供了有利的外部条件。虽然“弱化”班主任在班级管理中的作用也存在一些不利因素，如学校领导传统班级管理理念的阻碍、班主任班级管理思维难以转变、学生家长的不理解、学生自身的不习惯等，但这些都是主观因素，是完全可以通过努力克服的。因此，通过“弱化”班主任在班级管理中的作用，培养学生的自主管理能力并最终实现学生的自主管理，应当成为我国班级管理的改革与发展方向。

关键词:“弱化”；班主任；班级管理；自主管理

总结：“弱化”班主任在中学班级管理中的作用，其根本目的在于寻求一种能够解决现行班级管理中的问题，反映教育发展趋势的新的班级管理模式。它内含着四个方面的涵义:第一，意味着班级管理的人性化，即班级管理要以学生为本，充分发挥学生的主体性。第二，意味着班级管理理念的转变，班主任要从传统的管理者、决策者、监督者向服务者、咨询者、协作者转变。第三，意味着班主任角色与责任的“分化”，即要让学校领导、科任教师、学校员工、学生家长等人员也承担一定的班级管理任务与责任。第四，意味着学生自主管理能力的“强化”，这是“弱化”班主任在班级管理中的作用的根本旨趣。

Abstract：The class management refers to a series of activities that homeroom teachers, subject teachers,  students and other people concerning the classes deal with the class affairs together, foam the common class target and correct public opinions for collectivity, set up the perfect organization structure and reasonable regulations, offer the convenient study environment and favorable situation in order to facilitate the attainment to the education target. How much effect does the homeroom teacher have in the class management on earth? What kind of effect does they have in fact? What effect they should have? As to how to understand the questions differently，we have three approaches to solve it at least: one is said to "strengthen"，to strengthen the role of the homeroom teacher in the class，provide the right and responsibility of managing student more for the homeroom teacher，fully give play to the role of the homeroom teacher. Because this view overly ”strengthen” the homeroom teacher's function, and has ignored other relevant personnel's function，this has caused and presented a series of questions in class management,  for example，giving rise to overweight on the homeroom teacher, class management in a imperfect way, unsatisfactory result in class management. Second is said to "canceling", since the class management of the homeroom teacher has a lot of problems difficult to solve, canceling a form master can be a deemed kind of settlement method. Third, "weakening" is said. Weaken the homeroom teachers' function in the class management properly, give the main right and responsibility of class management to students, let students serve as the master of class management, fully give play to the role of student. However, the first kind of strategy will hinder students from forming the sense of managing independently, development of independent managerial ability, cultivation managing independently quality of consciousness, unfavorable to students' development in an all-round way and sustainable development. Most school leader, forming master, department take the post as teacher, parents、opposition of student, this proves at least that the homeroom teacher 's function in the class manages is indispensable. we can't cancel the role of the homeroom teacher. In view of this, above-mentioned two kinds of views that completely contradict each have one's own formidable deficiency. In view of this, the third kind of tactics, namely"  weaken  "form master's function in the class management, bring about an advance in student's managerial ability independently and realize students' autonomous management finally through this kind of method, can yet be regarded as a kind of wise and realistic choice。

    Weakening the homeroom teachers' effect on class management is brought forward in this paper so that we can seek a new class management model to solve the current problems in the class management and represent the education development trend. Four implications lie in weakening the homeroom teachers' effect on the class management: Firstly, it means the class management becomes more humanistic that means the students' self-management is basically focused in class management and their subjectivity would be developed fully. Secondly, it means the conception of class management is changing. This method requires the homeroom teachers to change their traditional roles as an administrator, a decision-maker, or a superintendent into a service offer, a consulter, or a cooperator. Thirdly, it means the role and the responsibility of the homeroom teachers will be departed. The school leaders, subject teachers and other working people, students' parents should shoulder certain tasks and responsibilities in the class management. Forth, it means the students' ability of management will be strengthened. This is the essence of weakening the effect set by the homeroom teachers on the class management.

    Based on the historical retrospection and the present investigation about the homeroom teachers' class management, the way of weakening the homeroom teachers' effect is put forward. It is a desirable model and has solid theoretic and practical bases instead of production of hollow dream. Weakening the homeroom teachers' effect on class management depends on organism, systematic theories and etc sufficiently. And the development characters of the middle school students' emotion, will, self-consciousness provide perfect supports to bring the students' self-management into practice. Besides that, the development of the democracy, science and technology, education ideas, teachers' reducing burden and students’ liberation offer an external advantage environment for carrying out students' self-management. Although some disadvantages exist in weakening the homeroom teachers' effect on the class management, such as the leaders' rejection, the homeroom teachers' old ideas, the parents' inapprehension and students' being unaccustomed, they are all subjective factors, we can try to overcome them through our effort  Therefore, students' self-management would be the orientation of class management in our country by weakening the homeroom teachers' effect on the class management·

Keyword:  weaken homeroom；teachers class management ；self management

（庄惠玲 教育管理专业 华东师范大学硕士研究生学位论文 2005年5月）