——兼谈对我国实现教育平等的启示

赵  晶

摘  要:胡森提出了教育平等的三种含义:起点平等、教育中介性平等和最后目标的平等。为了达到教育结果的平等，胡森要求人们对处境不利的学生给予更多的帮助，即给予补偿教育。为帮助处境不利的学生获得平等的受教育权利，美国制定了一系列的补偿教育计划,这对美国教育产生了深远影响。美国的补偿教育计划对我国健全法制、保障教育平等、促进少数民族教育发展、关注农民工子女文化教育、贫困生助学方式多样化等方面保障教育平等有着很大的启示意义。

关键词:胡森；美国；补偿教育；教育平等

总结：1、胡森的教育平等思想,包含了起点均等、过程均等和结果均等三种涵义。为了达到教育结果均等,胡森要求对处境不利的学生给予补偿教育。

2、胡森指出了“平等”所包含的三种涵义,即个体的起点、中介性的阶段和最后目标。并且从学前教育研究成果角度；“激进的”的观点角度和“社会学”的观点角度进行阐述，提出教育面前机会均等的概念,应从最初的“入学机会均等”发展到“教育过程均等”和“教育结果均等”。

3、美国各级政府为了追求教育机会实质上的平等，制定了一系列的补偿教育计划。这份计划由学前和中小学补偿教育计划以及大学补偿教育两部分组成。

4、学前和中小学补偿教育计划包括：经济困境儿童的补偿教育计划、文化困境儿童的补偿教育和身体状况不佳儿童的补偿教育。而在经济困境儿童的补偿教育计划中又以更高视野计划、头脑启迪计划和免费午餐计划最为著名。同时，文化困境儿童的补偿教育中又包含：黑人儿童补偿教育计划和双语教育计划。

5、在大学补偿教育中包括：复员军人助学金、学院工读计划、教育机会助学金。

6、美国补偿教育计划对我国实现教育平等的启示：：

（1）健全法制,保障教育平等；

（2）促进少数民族教育发展；

（3）关注农民工子女文化教育；

（4）贫困生助学方式多样化。

American compensatory education in educational equality of Woods  --- Implications for China to achieve equality in education
Zhao Jing

Abstract: Woods made ​​three meanings equal education: the starting point of equality, sexual equality and equal education agency last goal. In order to achieve equality of educational outcomes, Woods asking people to give disadvantaged students more help, giving the compensatory education.To help disadvantaged students get equal access to education, the United States has developed a series of compensatory education program, which has had a profound impact on American education. America's compensatory education program for our sound legal system, protection of equality in education, to promote the development of minority education, culture and education of children of migrant workers concerns, poor students and other aspects of student diversification guarantee equality in education has great enlightenment.

Keywords: Woods; educational equality; United States; compensatory education

Summary: 1.Woods equality of education, including the starting point of the equalization process and equality of results of three meanings. In order to achieve equality of educational results, Woods called for compensation for disadvantaged students education.

2.Woods pointed out that "equality" contains three meanings, namely, the starting point of the individual, intermediary and final stage of the target. And research results from pre angle; "radical" view angle and "sociological" point of view angle elaborate, the concept of equality of educational opportunity in front, should the initial "enrollment equal opportunity" to "equality of educational process" and "equality of educational outcomes."

3.The U.S. government at all levels in order to pursue substantially equal educational opportunity, to develop a series of compensatory education programs. The plan by the pre-school, primary and secondary education programs and university compensation compensatory education of two parts.

4.Pre-school, primary and secondary compensatory education programs include: economic plight of children compensatory education program, compensatory education and health culture plight of children in poor compensation for the education of children. In compensation for the economic plight of children in higher education programs Youyi vision plans, programs and enlighten the minds of the most famous free lunch program. Meanwhile, compensatory education and cultural plight of children in turn contains: Black children compensatory education programs and bilingual education programs.

5.Compensatory education at the university include: Veterans grants, college work-study programs, education opportunities for grants.

6.Compensatory education program for the United States to achieve equality of educational enlightenment :

(1) improve the legal system, to guarantee equal education;

(2) promote the education of ethnic minorities;

(3) attention to culture and education of children of migrant workers; diverse student

(4) diverse student way

 出处：河北师范大学学报（教育科学版）2008年9月第10卷第9期