Leif Lindberg, Ulla Riis, Charlotte Silander

Abstract: In most European countries, more women than men attend undergraduate Higher Education (HE) and more women than men obtain degrees. In Sweden the proportion of female students has long been in the vicinity of 51–60%. The number of doctoral entrants and degrees meet a “balanced gender criterion,” defined as no sex constituting more than 60% of the population. Still the unequal gender structure of higher positions persists: men tend to hold the top positions, especially as professors. Explaining this inertia is the main theme of this article. Differences between horizontal and vertical analyses are focused on, and changes due to gender balance during 1999–2007 are shown. Variations in career patterns over research areas are highlighted. Finally, hypotheses are formulated and approaches for further studies on gender balance in HE are discussed.

Key words: academic career, equality in education, higher education, discrimination

总结：1、大多数欧洲国家，更多的女性进入大学接受高等教育且获得学士学位，而在瑞士，女性学生的比重一直维持在51-60%。

2、本文主要讨论如何采取措施和方法解决高等教育中的性别平衡问题，以期改善高等教育中性别不平等现象。

来源：Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research

Vol. 55, No. 2, April 2011, 165–179.